The Endless Vulnerability of Migrant Children In-Transit across the Darién Gap.

Many people from poverty-stricken countries are migrating across South and Central America to reach the México-United States border, a movement exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Migrant people who begin their northbound journey in South America must transit across a significant geographic bottleneck, the Darién Gap, a mountainous rainforest region between Colombia and Panama. Most migrant people crossing this region originate from Cuba, Haiti, and Venezuela.

U.S. bound journey of migrant peoples InTransit across Dante's Inferno and Purgatory in the Americas.

Rapid rise of population migration is a defining feature of the 21st century due to the impact of climate change, political instability, and socioeconomic downturn. Over the last decade, an increasing number of migrant peoples travel across the Americas to reach the United States seeking asylum or cross the border undocumented in search of economic opportunities. In this journey, migrant people experience violations of their human rights, hunger, illness, violence and have limited access to medical care.

New Colombian Goja Navs (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera: Epipsocidae) with peculiar genitalia, and the first Goja with brachypterous male, from Oaxaca, Mexico.

Eight species of Goja are here described and illustrated, seven of them are from Colombia, they present peculiar phallosomes and constitute assemblages of three and four related species each, they are: G. andina n. sp.

New species of Goja Navás (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Epipsocidae) from Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

Upon examination of epipsocid specimens recently collected in natural areas of Colombia, Mexico and Peru, 17 new species of Goja were found. These are here described and illustrated. An updated key for the identification of males of the described species of Goja is presented.

Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction.

Background: The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identification, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identification of Anopheles species both easier and more difficult.

Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). II. Fourth-instar larvae.

Background: Accurate species identification of South American anophelines using morphological characters of the fourth-instar larva is problematic, because of the lack of up-to-date identification keys. In addition, taxonomic studies, employing scanning electron microscopy of the eggs and DNA sequence data, have uncovered multiple complexes of morphologically similar species, and resulted in the resurrection of other species from synonymy, mainly in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Consequently, the identification keys urgently need to be updated to provide accurate morphological tools to identify fourth-instar larvae of all valid species and species complexes.

Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). IV. Adult females.

Background: Morphological identification of adult females of described species of the genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 in South America is problematic, but necessary due to their differing roles in the transmission of human malaria. The increase in the number of species complexes uncovered by molecular taxonomy challenges accurate identification using morphology. In addition, the majority of newly discovered species have not been formally described and in some cases the identities of the nominotypical species of species complexes have not been resolved.

Identification key to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). III. Male genitalia.

Background: Accurate identification of the species of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 requires careful examination of all life stages. However, morphological characters, especially those of the females and fourth-instar larvae, show some degree of polymorphism and overlap among members of species complexes, and sometimes even within progenies. Characters of the male genitalia are structural and allow accurate identification of the majority of species, excluding only those in the Albitarsis Complex.

An appraisal of the genus Ptiloneura Enderlein (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Ptiloneuridae), new species from Colombia and Peru, and a key to the males.

We describe and illustrate 15 species of Ptiloneura, from Colombia and Peru. The number of species of Ptiloneura is raised to 34, of which 28 (82.3%) are Colombian.

The genus Loneura Navás (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae) in Colombia, description of new species and key for identification.

We here describe and illustrate the following 14 new species of Loneura: altaquerensis; carijona; javierensis; koreguaje; magdalenensis; misak; murui; nonuya; occidentalis; orucapu; tatama; tayronensis; tendalensis; zuluagai. These are based on specimens recently collected in natural areas of Colombia; the females of L. colombiana García Aldrete et al.

On the genera Ptiloneura Enderlein, Loneura Navás, and Loneuroides García Aldrete (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae).

The Psocodea genera Ptiloneura Enderlein and Loneura Navás are redefined. Some species of Loneura are transferred to Ptiloneura. Loneuroides García Aldrete is synonymized with Ptiloneura.

Phylogenetic analysis of Lachesilla Westwood (Psocodea: Psocomorpha: Lachesillidae) and relationships of sister genera of the subfamily Lachesillinae.

Lachesilla is the most species-rich psocid genus, with 341 species grouped into 19 species groups (with at least 100 undescribed species), plus an additional undescribed species group. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of Lachesilla and a discussion on the relationships of sister genera of the subfamily Lachesillinae. We codified a matrix of 60 morphological characters (16 multistate and 44 binary) formed by 44 terminals: 37 ingroup species and seven outgroup species.

New species of Euplocania Enderlein (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha), in three species groups, from Colombia and Ecuador.

Eight species of Euplocania from Colombia, in species groups Bonaverensis, Enderleini and Patinoi, are here described and illustrated. They raise to 40 the number of species described in the genus, 27 of which are found in Colombia. Of the Colombian species, one is shared with Ecuador and one is shared with Brazil and Peru.

New species and records of Cladiopsocus Roesler (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha: Cladiopsocidae) from Colombia.

Thirteen species of Cladiopsocus Roesler, from the Colombian departments of Caquetá, Chocó, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander and Putumayo are here described and illustrated. New records of eight described species of Cladiopsocus, from the departments of Caquetá, Cauca, Quindío and Valle del Cauca are included. The number of species in the genus is increased to 41, of which 27 are Colombian.

The genus Waoraniella García Aldrete (Lachesillidae: Eolachesillinae: Waoraniellini) in Colombia: Two new species from the Andean region.

Two species of Waoraniella from Valle del Cauca, represented by both sexes, are here described and illustrated. The new species were found in the Andean region, between 1000-2000 m above sea level, constituting the first record of the genus outside the Amazon Basin. An identification key and a distribution map of the known Waoraniella species is included.

New species of Mockford & Sullivan (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Lachesillidae: Graphocaeciliini) from Bolivia and Mexico.

The genus Prolachesilla Mockford & Sullivan presently includes nine species, all described when the genus was erected; since then, no other species have been discovered. Here, we describe and illustrate one Bolivian and three Mexican species. This is the first record of Prolachesilla from Bolivia.

Seven new species of Navás (Insecta: Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Seven species of Loneura from natural areas of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are described and illustrated. The female of L. andina is described for the first time.

Uncovering the diversity of the neotropical genus Elaphopsocus ('Psocoptera': Psocidae: Amphigerontiinae): from one to ten species.

For 75 years, the genus Elaphopsocus was considered a monotypic lineage of neotropical psocids. As a result of recent work in South America, this genus presently includes seven species from Brazil and Colombia. We here describe three new species from the East Colombian high Andes.

New species of Graphocaecilius Enderlein (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Lachesillidae) from Colombia.

Three new species of Graphocaecilius Enderlein are here described and illustrated; the species were found in the Colombian departments of Valle del Cauca and Risaralda, raising to five the number of species of this genus in Colombia, making it the most species rich country for Graphocaecilius in South America. A key to the species in the genus is included.

New species of Cladiopsocus Roesler (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha: Cladiopsocidae) from the Colombian Amazonia.

Ten species of Cladiopsocus Roesler were identified among recent collections from the Colombian departments of Amazonas and Putumayo. Eight new species were found, five from Putumayo and three from Amazonas, that are here described and illustrated. C.

New species of Loneuroides García Aldrete (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae) from Colombia, and description of the male L. venezolanus García Aldrete.

Six species of Colombian Loneuroides García Aldrete are here described and illustrated; also, the male of L. venezolanus García Aldrete is described, on basis of specimens from Valle del Cauca, Colombia. An updated diagnosis of the genus is presented; two species groups, based on the structure of the hypandrium, are recognized in the genus.

New species of Euplocania Enderlein (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocomorpha: Ptiloneuridae) from Colombia.

Seven species of Colombian Euplocania, are here described and illustrated, they increase to 16 the number of species in the genus, eight of which are endemic to Colombia. A new species group is also described.

The genus Elaphopsocus Roesler (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Psocidae) with six new species from Brazil and Colombia.

Six new species of Elaphopsocus Roesler from Brazil and Colombia are described and illustrated. Revised generic diagnoses are provided for Elaphopsocoides and Elaphopsocus; based on the structure of the male hypandrium and phallosome three species groups are recognized in Elaphopsocus.

New species of Lachesilla Westwood in the pedicularia group (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Lachesillidae) from the Colombian Amazonia.

Two species of Lachesilla, in the pedicularia species group, from the Colombian Amazonia, are here described and illustrated. Also, a record of L. asymmetriproctus García Aldrete, for the Colombian Department of Putumayo is provided.

Elaphopsocoides, a new genus of Psocidae (Psocodea: ´Psocoptera´) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Two new species of Elaphopsocoides n. gen. from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are here described and illustrated.