The Effectiveness of eHMI Displays on Pedestrian-Autonomous Vehicle Interaction in Mixed-Traffic Environments.

External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) serve as communication bridges between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and road users, ensuring that vehicles convey information clearly to those around them. While their potential has been explored in one-to-one contexts, the effectiveness of eHMIs in complex, real-world scenarios with multiple pedestrians remains relatively unexplored. Addressing this gap, our study provides an in-depth evaluation of how various eHMI displays affect pedestrian behavior.