A Review of Reagents for Fluorescence Microscopy of Cellular Compartments and Structures, Part III: Reagents for Actin, Tubulin, Cellular Membranes, and Whole Cell and Cytoplasm.

Non-antibody commercial fluorescent reagents for imaging of cytoskeletal structures have been limited primarily to labeling tubulin and actin, with the key factor in choice based mainly on whether cells are live or fixed and permeabilized. A wider range of options exists for cell membrane dyes, and the choice of reagent primarily depends on the preferred localization in the cell (i.e.

Activation of Discs large by aPKC aligns the mitotic spindle to the polarity axis during asymmetric cell division.

Asymmetric division generates cellular diversity by producing daughter cells with different fates. In animals, the mitotic spindle aligns with Par complex polarized fate determinants, ensuring that fate determinant cortical domains are bisected by the cleavage furrow. Here, we investigate the mechanisms that couple spindle orientation to polarity during asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts.

[Brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory: Results of 15-year follow-up of epidemiological and clinical features].

Aim: To analyze the epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory and to determine the specific features of its acute form.

Materials And Methods: The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol Region was retrospectively analyzed using the 2000-2014 official statistics of the Russian Federation and Stavropol Territory for brucellosis cases, individual documents of the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Directorate in the Stavropol Territory and Russian Federation, and medical records of the Brucellosis Department, Stavropol Hospital Two.

Results: Brucellosis is a social problem in a group of focal zoonotic infections in the Russian Federation.

Formin-mediated actin polymerization cooperates with Mushroom body defect (Mud)-Dynein during Frizzled-Dishevelled spindle orientation.

To position the mitotic spindle, cytoskeletal components must be coordinated to generate cortical forces on astral microtubules. Although the dynein motor is common to many spindle orientation systems, 'accessory pathways' are often also required. In this work, we identified an accessory spindle orientation pathway in Drosophila that functions with Dynein during planar cell polarity, downstream of the Frizzled (Fz) effector Dishevelled (Dsh).

Excited flavin and pterin coenzyme molecules in evolution.

Excited flavin and pterin molecules are active in intermolecular energy transfer and in photocatalysis of redox reactions resulting in conservation of free energy. Flavin-containing pigments produced in models of the prebiotic environment are capable of converting photon energy into the energy of phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP. However, during evolution photochemical reactions involving excited FMN or FAD molecules failed to become participants of bioenergy transfer systems, but they appear in enzymes responsible for repair of UV-damaged DNA (DNA photolyases) and also in receptors of blue and UV-A light regulating vital functions of organisms.