The sympathetic nervous system in the 21st century: Neuroimmune interactions in metabolic homeostasis and obesity.

The sympathetic nervous system maintains metabolic homeostasis by orchestrating the activity of organs such as the pancreas, liver, and white and brown adipose tissues. From the first renderings by Thomas Willis to contemporary techniques for visualization, tracing, and functional probing of axonal arborizations within organs, our understanding of the sympathetic nervous system has started to grow beyond classical models. In the present review, we outline the evolution of these findings and provide updated neuroanatomical maps of sympathetic innervation.

Placebo's invisible brother: a restricted scoping review of the biomedical literature on the nocebo effect.

Placebos and their beneficial clinical and psychological effects are well-researched, but nocebo effects receive far less attention, despite being highly undesirable. The aim of this restricted scoping review was to examine how nocebo effects are represented in the biomedical literature and to identify the trends and gaps in existing knowledge. After searching 5 biomedical databases and 2 clinical trials registries (from their inception to December 23, 2020) for articles on nocebo effects or negative placebo effects, 1161 eligible publications were identified.

An Australian perspective on rewilding.

Rewilding is increasingly recognized as a conservation tool but is often context specific, which inhibits broad application. Rewilding in Australia seeks to enhance ecosystem function and promote self-sustaining ecosystems. An absence of large-bodied native herbivores means trophic rewilding in mainland Australia has focused on the restoration of functions provided by apex predators and small mammals.

Expression of proteins upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) compared to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): An immunohistochemical analysis of candidate proteins.

Both non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic hepatitis (AH) can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the rate of progression to cirrhosis and tumorigenesis in AH is greater than that in NASH. We asked whether there are differences between the two conditions in the expression levels of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

The development of 10 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers through next generation sequencing and a preliminary population genetic analysis for the endangered Glenelg spiny crayfish, Euastacus bispinosus.

The Glenelg spiny crayfish, Euastacus bispinosus, is an iconic freshwater invertebrate of south eastern Australia and listed as 'endangered' under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, and 'vulnerable' under the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List. The species has suffered major population declines as a result of over-fishing, low environmental flows, the introduction of invasive fish species and habitat degradation. In order to develop an effective conservation strategy, patterns of gene flow, genetic structure and genetic diversity across the species distribution need to be clearly understood.