An Increase in Forearm Cortical Bone Size After Menopause May Influence the Estimated Bone Mineral Loss--A 28-Year Prospective Observational Study.

Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is the most common estimate of bone mass, incorporated in the World Health Organization definition of osteoporosis. However, aBMD depends on not only the amount of mineral but also the bone size. The estimated postmenopausal decline in aBMD could because of this be influenced by changes in bone size.

Low BMD is an independent predictor of fracture and early menopause of mortality in post-menopausal women--a 34-year prospective study.

Objective: Identify risk factors for fragility fractures and mortality in women aged 48.

Study Design: Prospective population-based observational study on 390 white north European women aged 48 at study start. At study start, we measured bone mineral density (BMD) by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) in the distal forearm, anthropometry by standard equipment and registered menopausal status, health and lifestyle factors.

Changes in forearm bone mass and bone size after menopause--a mean 24-year prospective study.

Objective: Bone loss and periosteal expansion is found after menopause. The accelerated early postmenopausal bone loss is not permanent but if the same accounts for the periosteal expansion is unknown.

Methods: Bone mineral density (BMD) and skeletal structure of the distal forearm were followed from menopause and on average 24 years (range 18-28) by single-photon absorptiometry at 12 occasions in a population-based sample of 81 Caucasian women with no medication or disease affecting bone metabolism.

Physical activity reduces bone loss in the distal forearm in post-menopausal women--a 25-year prospective study.

Intervention studies have shown that high-intensity training programs with duration of 1-3 years can influence bone mass in post-menopausal women. We wanted to investigate whether moderate physical activity could be associated with reduced post-menopausal bone loss also in the long-term perspective. We evaluated changes in bone mass and bone structure by repeated single-photon absorptiometry measurements of the distal forearm in 91 moderately physically active and 21 inactive women, categorized according to information from questionnaires, from menopause and on average 25 years onwards.

Early menopause and risk of osteoporosis, fracture and mortality: a 34-year prospective observational study in 390 women.

Objective: A prospective evaluation of the long-term effects of early menopause on mortality, risk of fragility fracture and osteoporosis.

Design: Prospective population-based observational study.

Setting: Malmö, Sweden.