Comparison of Four Scoring Systems for Patients With Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Introduction Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common medical emergency that causes significant deaths and morbidity. Effective risk classification is crucial for clinical decision-making and resource allocation. Several risk assessments, including the Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), AIMS65, National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and National Early Warning Score + Lactate (NEWS+L), are widely used, but each has unique strengths and disadvantages.

Hepatitis B discrimination: global responses requiring global data.

Over 250 million individuals live with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection worldwide. A significant proportion of these people often face discrimination defined as the unjust, unfair, or prejudicial treatment of a person on the grounds of their hepatitis B status. Hepatitis B related discrimination has not been widely documented in the literature.

Risk Identification and Analysis in the Development of Medical Devices Among Start-Ups: Towards a Broader Risk Management Framework.

Introduction: Whilst risk management has become fundamental in the development of medical devices, enforced by regulations and international standards, there is still no comprehensive model that explains how risk management in medical devices' development should be tackled, especially with regard to the type of risks that should be addressed. Risk management in the medical devices' development field is currently focused on technical risks, comprising product, usability, and development process risks, in alignment with standards' requirements and regulations, without giving enough attention to non-technical risks, which include business and project risks. Start-ups within this heavily regulated domain have a key role in the innovation process, yet they suffer a structural lack of tangible, such as financial capacity, and intangible resources such as development, risk management, and regulations' compliance.

Assessment of hepatitis B knowledge and awareness among the Sudanese population in Khartoum State.

Introduction: globally it is estimated that majority of the burden of hepatitis B virus infection is in sub-Saharan African countries (SSA). Africa is also hit by a dreadful complication of hepatocellular carcinoma and sequalae of end-stage liver disease. Despite this, the knowledge and awareness of the population to this silent killer is largely unknown.