The development of pediatric anesthesia and intensive care in Scandinavia.

The initiation and development of pediatric anesthesia and intensive care have much in common in the Scandinavian countries. The five countries had to initiate close relations and cooperation in all medical disciplines. The pediatric anesthesia subspecialty took its first steps after the Second World War.

Acetaminophen improves analgesia but does not reduce opioid requirement after major spine surgery in children and adolescents.

Study Design: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the effect of intravenously (IV) administered acetaminophen on postoperative pain in children and adolescents undergoing surgery for idiopathic scoliosis or spondylolisthesis.

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of IV-administered acetaminophen on postoperative analgesia, opioid consumption, and acetaminophen concentrations after major spine surgery in adolescents.

Summary Of Background Data: Scoliosis surgery is associated with severe postoperative pain, most commonly treated with IV-administered opioids.

The duration of residual neuromuscular block after administration of neostigmine or sugammadex at two visible twitches during train-of-four monitoring.

Background: Adequate recovery from neuromuscular block (NMB) is imperative for the patient to have full control of pharyngeal and respiratory muscles. The train-of-4 (TOF) ratio should return to at least 0.90 to exclude potentially clinically significant postoperative residual block.

Neuromuscular block and current treatment strategies for its reversal in children.

Even though neuromuscular blocking agents are an essential part of balanced anesthesia and the risks of residual paralysis are well documented, many anesthetists seldomly monitor neuromuscular block. Classical reversal agent neostigmine is unable to antagonise a deep neuromuscular block and is rather slow to antagonise even a moderate block. These caveats may have introduced a practice to use muscle relaxants mainly for an endotracheal intubation.