Photon-counting three-dimensional fluorescence imaging based on the transport of intensity equation.

A transport of intensity equation (TIE) based three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging using photon-counting detection was proposed for low light-level bioimaging applications. The number of photons required to achieve the quantitative phase measurement using the proposed system was investigated experimentally and numerically. Results show that the feasibility of reconstructing phase information with an average number of photons is greater than about 9 per pixel in our plant cells.

3D fluorescence imaging through a scattering medium using the transport of intensity equation and Fresnel ping-pong algorithm.

A three-dimensional (3D) fluorescent imaging method through a scattering medium has been presented. The proposed method combines digital phase conjugate reconstruction of the scattered light wave by the transport of intensity equation-based 3D fluorescent imaging to the position of scattering medium and followed phase retrieval method by Fresnel ping-pong algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally verified by measuring the 3D distribution of fluorescent beads and tobacco-cultured cells through a thin diffuser.

Transport-of-intensity phase imaging using commercially available confocal microscope.

Significance: Confocal microscopy is an indispensable tool for biologists to observe samples and is useful for fluorescence imaging of living cells with high spatial resolution. Recently, phase information induced by the sample has been attracting attention because of its applicability such as the measurability of physical parameters and wavefront compensation. However, commercially available confocal microscopy has no phase imaging function.

Improving the reliability of deep learning computational ghost imaging with prediction uncertainty based on neighborhood feature maps.

Defect inspection is required in various fields, and many researchers have attempted deep-learning algorithms for inspections. Deep-learning algorithms have advantages in terms of accuracy and measurement time; however, the reliability of deep-learning outputs is problematic in precision measurements. This study demonstrates that iterative estimation using neighboring feature maps can evaluate the uncertainty of the outputs and shows that unconfident error predictions have higher uncertainties.

3D fluorescence imaging through scattering medium using transport of intensity equation and iterative phase retrieval.

In this paper, we have proposed a method of three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging through a scattering medium. The proposed method combines the numerical digital phase conjugation propagation after measurement of the complex amplitude distribution of scattered light waves by the transport of intensity equation (TIE) with followed iterative phase retrieval to achieve 3D fluorescence imaging through a scattering medium. In the experiment, we present the quantitative evaluation of the depth position of fluorescent beads.