The "full rectangle" sign: a novel method for ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal aberrant right subclavian artery.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of a novel ultrasonographic screening method for an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) using the novel "full rectangle" method.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center, September 2022 to February 2023. The study included unselected pregnant women at 14-38 weeks of gestation referred for routine or targeted anomaly scans.

The GARD Prebiotic Reproduction Model Described in Order and Complexity.

Early steps in the origin of life were necessarily connected to the unlikely formation of self-reproducing structures from chaotic chemistry. Simulations of chemical kinetics based on the graded autocatalysis replication domain (GARD) model demonstrate the ability of a micellar system to become self-reproducing units away from equilibrium. Even though they may be very rare in the initial state of the system, the property of their endogenous mutually catalytic networks being dynamic attractors greatly enhanced reproduction propensity, revealing their potential for selection and Darwinian evolution processes.

Binding of Precursors to Replicator Assemblies Can Improve Replication Fidelity and Mediate Error Correction.

Copying information is vital for life's propagation. Current life forms maintain a low error rate in replication, using complex machinery to prevent and correct errors. However, primitive life had to deal with higher error rates, limiting its ability to evolve.