Refractive state and visual acuity of children with extremely low birth weight at 3 years old in Japan.

Purpose: To investigate the refractive status and visual acuity of 3-year-old children with extremely low birth weight (ELBW).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: We examined 161 children born between January 2009 and December 2014.

Differential effects of black currant anthocyanins on diffuser- or negative lens-induced ocular elongation in chicks.

Purpose: To compare the inhibitory effects of 4 different types of black currant anthocyanins (BCAs) on ocular elongation in 2 different chick myopia models.

Methods: In the first model, diffusers were used to induce form vision deprivation. In the second model, negative (-8D) spherical lenses were used to create a defocused retinal image.

Effect of black-currant extract on negative lens-induced ocular growth in chicks.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of orally administered black-currant (BC) extract on the enlargement of globe component dimensions induced in chicks by wearing negative lenses.

Methods: Negative lenses (-8 D) were worn on the right eyes by 8-day-old chicks, and their fellow eyes acted as controls. BC extract and distilled water (vehicle control) were orally administered once a day for 3 days.

Neurovisual abnormalities preceding the retinopathy in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Changes in the retina caused by diabetes may lead to visual impairment in dim light, even with good visual acuity and visual fields. To evaluate the visual abnormalities preceding the retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), we applied electrophysiological methods.

Methods: The visual evoked responses were recorded with sinusoidally modulated vertical gratings at 10 spatial frequencies presented sequentially on a high-resolution monitor in patients with type 1 DM and in normal volunteers.

Objective measurement of contrast sensitivity function using contrast sweep visual evoked responses.

Aim/background: The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) measurement provides information that is not accessible by standard visual acuity determinations. The contrast sweep pattern reversal visual evoked responses (CSVER) technique was used to objectively measure the CSF in clinical practice.

Methods: The contrast thresholds were measured at five spatial frequencies in 10 normal subjects.