Unraveling signatures of chicken genetic diversity and divergent selection in breed-specific patterns of early myogenesis, nitric oxide metabolism and post-hatch growth.

Due to long-term domestication, breeding and divergent selection, a vast genetic diversity in poultry currently exists, with various breeds being characterized by unique phenotypic and genetic features. Assuming that differences between chicken breeds divergently selected for economically and culturally important traits manifest as early as possible in development and growth stages, we aimed to explore breed-specific patterns and interrelations of embryo myogenesis, nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and post-hatch growth rate (GR). These characteristics were explored in eight breeds of different utility types (meat-type, dual purpose, egg-type, game, and fancy) by incubating 70 fertile eggs per breed.

Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics of CuBr Complex Studied with Sub-20 fs Resolution.

Ultrafast excited-state dynamics of CuBr complex was studied in acetonitrile and dichloromethane solutions using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with 18 fs temporal resolution and quantum-chemical DFT calculations. Upon 640 nm excitation, the CuBr complex is promoted to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state, which then shortly undergoes internal conversion into the vibrationally hot ligand field (LF) excited state with time constants of 30 and 40 fs in acetonitrile and dichloromethane, respectively. The LF state nonradiatively relaxes into the ground state in 2.

Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics of Ligand-Field and Ligand-to-Metal Charge-Transfer States of CuCl in Solution: A Detailed Transient Absorption Study.

Ultrafast excited-state dynamics of CuCl in acetonitrile is studied by femtosecond broadband transient absorption spectroscopy following excitation of the complex into all ligand-field (LF or d-d) states and into the two ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) states corresponding to the most intense steady-state absorption bands. The LF excited states are found to be nonreactive. The lowest-lying E LF excited state has a lifetime less than 150 fs, and the lifetimes of the second (B) and the third (A) LF excited states are 1 and 5 ps, respectively.

Solvent Effects on Nonradiative Relaxation Dynamics of Low-Energy Ligand-Field Excited States: A CuCl Complex.

Nonradiative relaxation dynamics of CuCl complexes photoexcited into the highest-energy ligand-field electronic state (A) is studied in acetonitrile, dichloromethane, and chloroform solvents, as well as in acetonitrile-water and in acetonitrile-deuterated water mixtures. Due to ultrafast internal conversion, this excited state directly converts to the electronic ground state in dichloromethane and chloroform. The nonradiative relaxation constant is similar in anhydrous acetonitrile.