Disentangling Race from Skin Color in Modern Biology and Medicine.

In this review, we examine the taxonomies used to classify people, which influenced the development of the modern disciplines of biology and medicine, including dermatology, throughout the world. Early European scientists and physicians were intertwined with the social environment that created classifications and hierarchies of skin-color-based races, which were reinforced by prevailing political systems that supported colonial economic structures and, in many cases, chattel slavery. Even after genomic analysis of diverse human DNA sequences have revealed that systems of skin color-based racial and ethnic classification lacked biological meaning and were socially constructed, these classifications persist and are reinforced by census classifications and frameworks for comparisons in biomedicine in many parts of the world.

UK ethnic minority healthcare workers' perspectives on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK ethnic minority community: A qualitative study.

Background: The experiences of UK ethnic minority (UKEM) healthcare workers are crucial to ameliorating the disproportionate COVID-19 infection rate and outcomes in the UKEM community. We conducted a qualitative study on UKEM healthcare workers' perspectives on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (CVH) in the UKEM community.

Methods: Participants were 15 UKEM healthcare workers (11 females; age range: 26-58 [43.

The Eumelanin Human Skin Colour Scale: a proof-of-concept study.

Background: At present there is no standard nomenclature for describing the diversity of human constitutive skin colour.

Objectives: To develop a standard nomenclature to describe human constitutive skin colour.

Methods: Monthly focus group discussions were carried out among a multidisciplinary group of specialists over a 7-month period.