Mouse Norovirus infection promotes autophagy induction to facilitate replication but prevents final autophagosome maturation.

Autophagy is a cellular process used to eliminate intracellular pathogens. Many viruses however are able to manipulate this cellular process for their own advantage. Here we demonstrate that Mouse Norovirus (MNV) infection induces autophagy but does not appear to utilise the autophagosomal membrane for establishment and formation of the viral replication complex.

Real-World Assessment of Interventional Treatment Timing and Outcomes for Varicose Veins: A Retrospective Claims Analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of delaying interventional treatment on varicose vein disease progression, complications, and health care costs in a real-world setting.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adults diagnosed with varicose veins between January 2008 and June 2010. Patients were followed for 2 years after diagnosis and categorized into three cohorts based on the timing of interventional therapy: early (≤ 2 mo), intermediate (> 2 mo but ≤ 6 mo), and late (> 6 mo).

Evaluating the Expected Costs and Budget Impact of Interventional Therapies for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease.

Background: Chronic venous disease is a common disorder in the United States. The manifestations of chronic venous disease include varicosities and related sequelae that are frequent contributors to the morbidity and high costs associated with the disease. The interventional treatment options for chronic venous disease have expanded greatly in recent years and include various surgical and vein ablation techniques.

Hemodynamic variability and cerebrovascular control after transient cerebral ischemia.

We investigated if hemodynamic variability, cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, and their interrelationships differ between patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and controls. We recorded blood pressure (BP) and bilateral middle cerebral artery flow velocity (MCAv) in a cohort of TIA patients (n = 17), and age-matched controls (n = 15). Spontaneous fluctuations in BP and MCAv were characterized by spectral power analysis, and CBF regulation was assessed by wavelet phase synchronization analysis in the very low- (0.

A Brachioradialis Splitting Approach Sparing the Pronator Quadratus for Volar Plating of the Distal Radius.

Fractures of the distal radius account for up to 15% of all extremity fractures. Volar plating has become more popular, as it allows locking plate technology to be applied. Traditionally, access to the volar radius has been achieved through the approach of Henry using the interval between flexor carpi radialis and the radial artery, involving incising the radial border of the pronator quadratus (PQ).

Non-Linear Characterisation of Cerebral Pressure-Flow Dynamics in Humans.

Cerebral metabolism is critically dependent on the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), so it would be expected that vascular mechanisms that play a critical role in CBF regulation would be tightly conserved across individuals. However, the relationships between blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood velocity fluctuations exhibit inter-individual variations consistent with heterogeneity in the integrity of CBF regulating systems. Here we sought to determine the nature and consistency of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) during the application of oscillatory lower body negative pressure (OLBNP).

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay of (130)Te with CUORE-0.

We report the results of a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in a 9.8 kg yr exposure of (130)Te using a bolometric detector array, CUORE-0. The characteristic detector energy resolution and background level in the region of interest are 5.

Near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging in a patient treated for venous occlusion.

Although lower extremity edema/lymphedema can result from venous and/or lymphatic abnormalities, effective treatment depends upon understanding their relative contributions to the condition. Herein we use near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging in a 16 year-old female diagnosed with unilateral lymphedema of the right leg and previously treated with left iliac vein stenting in an attempt to alleviate lymphedema. The imaging shows that abnormal lymphatic anatomy, rather than venous occlusion, was likely responsible for unilateral swelling.

TRPV1 Channels and Gastric Vagal Afferent Signalling in Lean and High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice.

Aim: Within the gastrointestinal tract vagal afferents play a role in control of food intake and satiety signalling. Activation of mechanosensitive gastric vagal afferents induces satiety. However, gastric vagal afferent responses to mechanical stretch are reduced in high fat diet mice.

Traumatic avulsion of the oculomotor nerve documented by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

Autopsy studies have described definitive traumatic avulsion of the oculomotor nerve from the brainstem; however, detailed characterization of mechanisms and localization of traumatic nerve injury has yet to be definitively described in vivo. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl in whom high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging confirmed irreversible injury to the left oculomotor nerve after trauma.

Neuropeptide W modulation of gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity: Impact of age and sex.

Aim: Gastric vagal afferents are activated in response to mechanical stimulation, an effect attenuated by neuropeptide W (NPW) in 20-week-old female mice. In this study we aimed to determine whether there were age and sex dependent effects of NPW on gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity.

Methods: An in vitro gastro-oesophageal preparation was used to determine the effect of NPW on gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity from 8 and 20-week-old male and female C57BL/6 mice.

The Causes and Consequences Explicit in Verbs.

Interpretation of a pronoun in one clause can be systematically affected by the verb in the previous clause. Compare … (he=Archibald) with … (he=Bartholomew). While it is clear that meaning plays a critical role, it is unclear whether that meaning is directly encoded in the verb or, alternatively, inferred from world knowledge.

Ocular abnormalities in patients treated with a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, hu14.18K322A.

Purpose: To determine the incidence of and factors associated with the development of mydriasis and impaired accommodation in patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma receiving the anti-GD2 antibody hu14.18K322A.

Methods: The medical records of eligible patients with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma who received escalating doses of hu14.

Pre-exposure of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells to soluble factors enhances their homing to brain cancer.

Recent research advances have established mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a promising vehicle for therapeutic delivery. Their intrinsic tropism for brain injury and brain tumors, their lack of immunogenicity, and their ability to breach the blood-brain barrier make these cells an attractive potential treatment of brain disorders, including brain cancer. Despite these advantages, the efficiency of MSC homing to the brain has been limited in commonly used protocols, hindering the feasibility of such therapies.

Assessment of thrombotic adverse events and treatment patterns associated with varicose vein treatment.

Objective: This retrospective study assessed varicose vein treatment patterns and associated thrombotic complications in a real-world setting.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with health care claims data from Truven Health, covering more than 40 million insured lives per year and representing all U.S.

Key mutations stabilize antigen-binding conformation during affinity maturation of a broadly neutralizing influenza antibody lineage.

Affinity maturation, the process in which somatic hypermutation and positive selection generate antibodies with increasing affinity for an antigen, is pivotal in acquired humoral immunity. We have studied the mechanism of affinity gain in a human B-cell lineage in which two main maturation pathways, diverging from a common ancestor, lead to three mature antibodies that neutralize a broad range of H1 influenza viruses. Previous work showed that increased affinity in the mature antibodies derives primarily from stabilization of the CDR H3 loop in the antigen-binding conformation.

Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis treated with medical therapy alone: temporal trends and implications for risk assessment and the design of future studies.

Background: The rate of adverse clinical outcomes among patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis receiving medical therapy alone can be used to guide clinical decision-making and to inform future research. We aimed to investigate temporal changes in the incidence rate of clinical outcomes among patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis receiving medical therapy alone and to explore the implications of these changes for the design of future comparative studies.

Summary: We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, US Food and Drug Administration documents, and reference lists of included studies (last search: December 31, 2012).

The real cost of treating venous ulcers in a contemporary vascular practice.

Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are a prevalent and morbid disease that consumes considerable health care resources. Estimates place the total costs for treatment of VLU at 1% of health care budgets in many industrialized countries. Unfortunately, there is little contemporary information on the total cost of treating VLU in the United States, particularly in a wound center staffed by vascular specialists.

Knee Function Assessment in Patients With Meniscus Injury: A Preliminary Study of Reproducibility, Response to Treatment, and Correlation With Patient-Reported Questionnaire Outcomes.

Background: Outcomes of meniscus surgery are typically assessed with patient questionnaires that help capture symptoms and functional limitations but may not provide an accurate representation of underlying joint health. There are currently no performance-based measures of knee function in patients with symptomatic meniscus injury.

Purpose: To assess the reproducibility, response to partial meniscectomy, and correlation with patient-reported questionnaire outcomes of novel performance-based knee function tests.

Debate: whether venous perforator surgery reduces recurrences.

Superficial venous surgery and perforator vein surgery, specifically, have a long and varied history in the evolution of vascular surgery, especially because venous disease continues to be extremely common. As with other areas of our specialty, perforator vein procedures have progressed from being purely open operations to becoming less invasive procedures. Despite this, there remains much discussion (as well as overt disagreement) about whether perforator vein surgery is actually appropriate and beneficial in the first place.