Evaluating Atlantic Salmon () as a Natural or Alternative Host for Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV) Infection.

Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) has emerged with the rise of the aquaculture of Atlantic salmon (). The lack of cell culture cultivation has hampered the study of this infection. In this study, samples from naturally PMCV-infected Atlantic salmon from different commercial farms were collected and used.

Cellular heterogeneity in red and melanized focal muscle changes in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) visualized by spatial transcriptomics.

Spatial transcriptomics is a technique that provides insight into gene expression profiles in tissue sections while retaining structural information. We have employed this method to study the pathological conditions related to red and melanized focal changes in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Our findings support a model where similar molecular mechanisms are involved in both red and melanized filet discolorations and genes associated with several relevant pathways show distinct expression patterns in both sample types.

Dynamics of Polarized Macrophages and Activated CD8 Cells in Heart Tissue of Atlantic Salmon Infected With Piscine Orthoreovirus-1.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) infection causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon . The virus is also associated with focal melanized changes in white skeletal muscle where PRV-1 infection of macrophages appears to be important. In this study, we studied the macrophage polarization into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes during experimentally induced HSMI.

PRV-1 Infected Macrophages in Melanized Focal Changes in White Muscle of Atlantic Salmon () Correlates With a Pro-Inflammatory Environment.

Melanized focal changes in white skeletal muscle of farmed Atlantic salmon, "black spots", is a quality problem affecting on average 20% of slaughtered fish. The spots appear initially as "red spots" characterized by hemorrhages and acute inflammation and progress into black spots characterized by chronic inflammation and abundant pigmented cells. 1 (PRV-1) was previously found to be associated with macrophages and melano-macrophages in red and black spots.

Piscine Orthoreovirus-1 Isolates Differ in Their Ability to Induce Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Atlantic Salmon ().

Piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (). The virus is widespread in Atlantic salmon and was present in Norway long before the first description of HSMI in 1999. Furthermore, in Canada the virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon but HSMI is not and Canadian isolates have failed to reproduce HSMI experimentally.

Dissemination of (PRV-1) in Atlantic Salmon () during the Early and Regenerating Phases of Infection.

(PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (), but the line of events from infection, pathologic change, and regeneration has not been thoroughly described. In this study, the cellular localization and variation of PRV-1 RNA and protein levels were analyzed at different times post-exposure in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used for assessment of the presence of the PRV-1 σ1 protein, while RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization were performed for viral RNA.

Electrocardiographic changes in the differentiation of ischemic and non-ischemic ST elevation.

Pericarditis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy and early repolarization syndrome (ERS) are well-known to mimic ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to study whether ECG findings of reciprocal ST depression, PR depression, ST-segment convexity or terminal QRS distortion can discriminate between ST elevation due to ischemia and non-ischemic conditions. Eighty-five patients with STEMI and 94 patients with non-ischemic ST elevation were included.

Evolution of the Genome Linked to Emergence of Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation in Farmed Atlantic Salmon ().

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon ( was first diagnosed in Norway in 1999. The disease is caused by -1 (PRV-1). The virus is prevalent in farmed Atlantic salmon, but not always associated with disease.

DNA vaccine expressing the non-structural proteins of Piscine orthoreovirus delay the kinetics of PRV infection and induces moderate protection against heart -and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) causes heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Erythrocytes are the main target cells for PRV. HSMI causes significant economic losses to the salmon aquaculture industry, and there is currently no vaccine available.

Molecular and Antigenic Characterization of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

(PRV-1) causes heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (). Recently, a novel PRV (formerly PRV-Om, here called PRV-3), was found in rainbow trout () with HSMI-like disease. PRV is considered to be an emerging pathogen in farmed salmonids.

Viral Protein Kinetics of Piscine Orthoreovirus Infection in Atlantic Salmon Blood Cells.

(PRV) is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon () and the cause of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. Erythrocytes are important target cells for PRV. We have investigated the kinetics of PRV infection in salmon blood cells.

Immunological interactions between Piscine orthoreovirus and Salmonid alphavirus infections in Atlantic salmon.

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) and pancreas disease (PD) cause substantial losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The respective causative agents, Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), are widespread and often concurrently present in farmed salmon. An experimental infection in Atlantic salmon was conducted to study the interaction between the two viruses, including the immunological mechanisms involved.

Experimental Piscine orthoreovirus infection mediates protection against pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Viral diseases are among the main challenges in farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The most prevalent viral diseases in Norwegian salmon aquaculture are heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and pancreas disease (PD) caused by Salmonid alphavirus (SAV). Both PRV and SAV target heart and skeletal muscles, but SAV additionally targets exocrine pancreas.

The non-structural protein μNS of piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) forms viral factory-like structures.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is associated with heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation in farmed Atlantic salmon. The virus is ubiquitous and found in both farmed and wild salmonid fish. It belongs to the family Reoviridae, closely related to the genus Orthoreovirus.

Transcriptome analyses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) erythrocytes infected with piscine orthoreovirus (PRV).

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a widespread disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and is associated with piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection. PRV is detectable in blood long before development of pathology in cardiac- and skeletal muscle appear, and erythrocytes have been identified as important target cells for the virus.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) ơ3 protein binds dsRNA.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome and belongs to the family Reoviridae. PRV is associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and cause intraerythrocytic inclusions.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects Atlantic salmon erythrocytes.

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the Reoviridae family and is the only known fish virus related to the Orthoreovirus genus. The virus is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), an emerging disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

Very early risk stratification by electrocardiogram at rest in men with suspected unstable coronary heart disease. The RISC Study Group.

Objectives: To determine the possibility of very early prognostic stratification based on electrocardiograms (ECGs) at rest and/or cardiac enzyme levels after an episode of suspected unstable coronary heart disease.

Design And Setting: Men with suspected unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction were studied in the coronary care units of eight hospitals. The ECGs at rest and creatinine kinase were followed.

Risk stratification by early exercise testing after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Study Group.

After stabilization of symptoms by medication a predischarge exercise test was performed in 855 men admitted with suspected unstable angina (54%) or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (46%). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the number of leads with ST-depression at exercise, low maximal work load, increasing age and ST-elevation in electrocardiogram at rest had independent prognostic value concerning the risk of myocardial infarction or death during the following year. Therefore a combination of extension of ST-depression and peak work load was used to define 'high and low risk response' at the exercise test.

Prevention of serious cardiac events by low-dose aspirin in patients with silent myocardial ischaemia. The Research Group on Instability in Coronary Artery Disease in Southeast Sweden.

On exercise testing after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease (CAD; unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction), a proportion of patients show ST-segment depression, indicating myocardial ischaemia, but do not report concomitant symptoms of angina. Treatment of such "silent" ischaemia aims mainly to reduce the risk of subsequent cardiac events. We have studied the effect of low-dose aspirin in patients with myocardial ischaemia defined at the predischarge test as silent (though patients might have had symptomatic ischaemia at other times) or symptomatic.

The predictive value of silent ischemia at an exercise test before discharge after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. RISC Study Group.

The prognostic value of silent ischemia during a symptom-limited predischarge exercise test (ET) was evaluated in 740 men after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction. The 51% of patients with ST depression at the ET had a higher rate of myocardial infarction or death after 1 year (18%) compared with those without ST depression (9%; p less than 0.01).

Should the exercise test (ET) be performed at discharge or one month later after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction?

The diagnostic and prognostic value of symptom limited exercise tests (ET) performed before discharge and after one month were compared in men admitted to hospital after an episode of unstable angina or a non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI). A 'Positive ET' was defined as either a maximal work load below 100 W or ST-depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV in 1-2 leads below 130 W or ST-depression greater than or equal to 0.