Fluid Movement in the Apical Area Beyond the Ledge During Er:YAG Laser-Activated Irrigation: A Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis.

This study aimed to examine the irrigant flow generated by laser-activated irrigation (LAI), in comparison with ultrasonic-activated irrigation (UAI) and syringe irrigation (SI), in the area beyond the ledge using particle image velocimetry (PIV). There was no reported study about cleaning efficacy of LAI beyond the ledge. Forty-nine J-shaped root canal models (40° curvature) were instrumented to no.