Bioactive surface-modified Ti with titania nanotube arrays to design endoprosthesis for maxillofacial surgery: structural formation, morphology, physical properties and osseointegration.

Modification of the surface of titanium into titania (TiO) nanotube (TNT) arrays was performed by electrochemical anodization to design an endoprosthesis for maxillofacial surgery. TNT arrays with different surface structures were successfully coated on titanium substrates by varying the anodizing voltages and annealed at 450 °C for 4 h. The phase composition and morphology of the nanotubes were examined by x-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively.