Dynamic calcium-mediated stress response and recovery signatures in the fungal pathogen, .

Intracellular calcium signaling plays an important role in the resistance and adaptation to stresses encountered by fungal pathogens within the host. This study reports the optimization of the GCaMP fluorescent calcium reporter for live-cell imaging of dynamic calcium responses in single cells of the pathogen, , for the first time. Exposure to membrane, osmotic or oxidative stress generated both specific changes in single cell intracellular calcium spiking and longer calcium transients across the population.

The life-course approach to vaccination: Harnessing the benefits of vaccination throughout life.

Vaccination beyond childhood brings significant benefits at the individual, community and socio-economic levels. Despite this, immunisation programmes often fail to deliver the vaccines which could protect those at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. In this commentary, we argue that the benefits of vaccination beyond childhood must be more widely understood and furthermore, that action must be taken by policymakers, healthcare professionals and patient and civil society organisations to ensure that the benefits of vaccination are fully realised.

Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark's anemonefish ().

Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO ] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system. There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception.

Effect of guided bone regeneration on bone quality surrounding dental implants.

Bone quality as well as its quantity at the implant interface is responsible for determining stability of the implant system. The objective of this study is to examine the nanoindentation based elastic modulus (E) at different bone regions adjacent to titanium dental implants with guided bone regeneration (GBR) treated with DBM and BMP-2 during different post-implantation periods. Six adult male beagle dogs were used to create circumferential defects with buccal bone removal at each implantation site of mandibles.

Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Viral infections are an important cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Numerous viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A (H1N1) virus, have been implicated in the progression of pneumonia to ARDS; yet the incidence of progression is unknown. Despite acute and chronic morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections, particularly in "at risk" populations, treatment options are limited.

Evaluation of a pharmacist-managed asthma clinic in an Indian Health Service clinic.

Objectives: To observe whether American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) patients at the Yakama Indian Health Service seen at the pharmacist-managed asthma clinic improved asthma outcomes.

Design: Retrospective chart review, single group, preintervention and postintervention.

Setting: Pharmacist-managed asthma clinic at an Indian Health Service ambulatory care clinic.

Bis(imino)pyridine cobalt-catalyzed dehydrogenative silylation of alkenes: scope, mechanism, and origins of selective allylsilane formation.

The aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine cobalt methyl complex, ((Mes)PDI)CoCH3 ((Mes)PDI = 2,6-(2,4,6-Me3C6H2-N═CMe)2C5H3N), promotes the catalytic dehydrogenative silylation of linear α-olefins to selectively form the corresponding allylsilanes with commercially relevant tertiary silanes such as (Me3SiO)2MeSiH and (EtO)3SiH. Dehydrogenative silylation of internal olefins such as cis- and trans-4-octene also exclusively produces the allylsilane with the silicon located at the terminus of the hydrocarbon chain, resulting in a highly selective base-metal-catalyzed method for the remote functionalization of C-H bonds with retention of unsaturation. The cobalt-catalyzed reactions also enable inexpensive α-olefins to serve as functional equivalents of the more valuable α, ω-dienes and offer a unique method for the cross-linking of silicone fluids with well-defined carbon spacers.

Structurally similar estradiol analogs uniquely alter the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways.

Ligand structure can affect the activation of nuclear receptors, such as estrogen receptors (ERs), and their control of signaling pathways for cellular responses including death and differentiation. We hypothesized that distinct biological functions of similar estradiol (E(2)) analogs could be identified by integrating gene expression patterns obtained from human tumor cell lines with receptor binding and functional data for the purpose of developing compounds for treatment of a variety of diseases. We compared the estrogen receptor subtype selectivity and impact on signaling pathways for three distinct, but structurally similar, analogs of E(2).

Iron catalysts for selective anti-Markovnikov alkene hydrosilylation using tertiary silanes.

Alkene hydrosilylation, the addition of a silicon hydride (Si-H) across a carbon-carbon double bond, is one of the largest-scale industrial applications of homogeneous catalysis and is used in the commercial production of numerous consumer goods. For decades, precious metals, principally compounds of platinum and rhodium, have been used as catalysts for this reaction class. Despite their widespread application, limitations such as high and volatile catalyst costs and competing side reactions have persisted.

Liver transcriptomic changes associated with ritonavir-induced hyperlipidemia in sensitive and resistant strains of rats.

Ritonavir (RTV) and other protease inhibitors (PIs) used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are associated with elevated serum triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol in some patients. A rat strain (Sprague-Dawley or SD) commonly used in toxicology studies is not sensitive to RTV-induced hyperlipidemia, making mechanistic studies and the identification of novel, lipid-neutral PIs challenging. The objective of this study was to identify a rat strain that mirrors human PI-associated hyperlipidemia.

Introgression of Brown Norway chromosome 13 improves visual spatial memory in the Dahl S rat.

The present study was conducted in an effort to evaluate whether chromosomal substitution can repair impaired exploration learning and memory. It has previously been observed that Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rodents exhibit impaired cognitive function along with abnormal physiological responses to muscle stimulation. Introgression of Brown Norway chromosome (13(BN)) has been found to restore normal physiological processes in SS animals.

Introgression of Brown Norway chromosome 1 onto the fawn hooded hypertensive background rescues long-term fear memory deficits.

The isolation of genes influencing long-term memory is critical for an understanding of learning at the molecular level. Recently, chromosomal substitution rat strains, known as consomics, have been developed. Here we report the results of the first study on aversive learning and memory with these consomic rats.

Rat survival to anthrax lethal toxin is likely controlled by a single gene.

We examined whether survival of different rat strains administered anthrax lethal toxin is genetically determined. A reproducible test population of first filial generation hybrid rats was bred based on the susceptibility of progenitors to anthrax lethal toxin and to maximize genetic diversity across the strains. These rats were then tested with varying doses of anthrax lethal toxin.

Long-term outcomes of a fistula initiative: sustaining "fistula culture".

From 1998 to 2003, a low cost fistula initiative at Allegheny General Hospital increased the rate of AV fistulas from 32% to 72%. We present an additional 25 months of vascular access data, with stratification of results by gender and long-term patient survival data. These data show the self-sustaining nature of 'fistula culture' in an urban hemodialysis unit, and the survival benefits that result from increased fistula rates.

Outcomes of manualized cognitive-behavioral body image therapy with eating disordered women treated in a private clinical practice.

Body image change is an important component of the treatment of eating disorders, and cognitive behavioral body image therapy has substantial empirical support as efficacious in the improvement of body image difficulties and disorders. Most evidence comes from randomized, controlled, outcome studies and does not examine effectiveness for persons with clinical eating disorders in the context of "usual care" settings. The present study was conducted in a private practice and assessed 30 women with a range of eating disorder diagnoses.

Outcomes of a laparoscopic approach for total abdominal colectomy and proctocolectomy.

Background: The role of laparoscopy for total abdominal colectomy (TAC) and total proctocolectomy (TPC) has been controversial given its technical difficulty, high conversion rate, and complication rate. Recent studies have documented its efficacy for experienced laparoscopic surgeons. The outcomes of a prospective series of patients undergoing TAC and TPC are presented.

Collateralization of the palmar arch by a failing radiocephalic fistula: an underappreciated complication of Cimino fistula anatomy.

Stenosis at the anastomosis of an arteriovenous dialysis fistula can cause fistula failure due to venous thrombosis. Three cases are presented in which anastomotic stenosis in radiocephalic fistulas resulted in radial artery occlusion with collateralization of ulnar artery flow across the palmar arch. Hand ischemia did not occur, and reductions in fistula efficiency were clinically subtle.

Cancer chemotherapy administered via hemodialysis fistulas.

End-stage renal failure (ESRF) patients can develop cancer before or after kidney disease occurs. Cancer chemotherapy often needs to be administered via the sort of central venous catheter that is normally avoided in ESRF care. Three cases are presented in which ESRF patients received chemotherapy for cancer via existing hemodialysis fistulas, and the consequences of central venous access in a fourth patient are discussed.

Three color cDNA microarrays: quantitative assessment through the use of fluorescein-labeled probes.

Gene expression studies using microarrays have great potential to generate new insights into human disease pathogenesis, but data quality remains a major obstacle. In particular, there does not exist a method to determine prior to hybridization whether an array will yield high quality data, given good study design and target preparation. We have solved this problem through development of a three-color cDNA microarray platform where printed probes are fluorescein labeled, but are spectrally compatible with Cy3 and Cy5 dye-labeled targets when using confocal laser scanners possessing narrow bandwidths.