Exploring of cardiac autonomic activity with heart rate variability in long-term kratom ( Korth.) users: a preliminary study.

Background: Kratom is a psychoactive plant used to enhance productivity among laborers in Southeast Asian countries. Previous findings from research of mitragynine, a major component of kratom, suggested a possible risk of heart function abnormality. However, the cardiac autonomic function in long-term kratom users with chewing forms has never been studied.

Modification of brain waves and sleep parameters by Citrus reticulata Blanco. cv. Sai-Nam-Phueng essential oil.

Background: Citrus essential oil (EO) has been used for mood elevation and sedative hypnotic purposes. However, scientific proofs of its central nervous system (CNS) action remained largely unexplored. This study investigated chemotypes, electrical brain waves and sleep-wake effects of the essential oil from Citrus reticulata in rat model.

Adaptive changes in local field potential oscillation associated with morphine conditioned place preference in mice.

Neural adaptation associated with formation of morphine conditioned place preference remained largely unexplored. This study monitored longitudinal changes in neural signaling during pre-conditioning, conditioning and post-conditioning periods of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm for investigation of adaptive mechanisms of opiate addiction. Male Swiss albino mice implanted with intracranial electrodes into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), striatum (STr) and hippocampus (HC) were used for recording of local field potentials (LFPs).

Local field potential power spectra and locomotor activity following treatment with pseudoephedrine in mice.

The efficacy of pseudoephedrine (PSE) as a nasal decongestant has been well‑demonstrated; however, PSE is strictly prescribed as a control substance due to its controversial psychostimulant effects. Although standard stimulatory drugs increase exploratory behavior and stimulate the dopamine system, the exact effects of PSE on locomotion and electrical activity in the striatum have not been determined. This study aimed to examine and compare the locomotor activities, local field potential (LFP) and sleep‑wake patterns produced by PSE and morphine, which is a standard drug used to promote psychomotor activity.