Comprehensive analysis of alcohol compounds in commercial instant coffee: A validated H NMR spectroscopy study within the Islamic paradigm.

Coffee, a globally consumed beverage, has raised concerns in Islamic jurisprudence due to the possible presence of alcohol compounds. This research aims to utilise the sensitivity and reliability of H NMR spectroscopy in the quantification of alcohol compounds such as ethanol, furfuryl alcohol, and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF) in commercial instant coffee. Analysis of seven products was performed using advanced H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy together with Statistical Total Correlation Spectroscopy (STOCSY) and Resolution-Enhanced (RED)-STORM.