Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell death ligand 1 blockade increases the effectiveness of interleukin-15 immunotherapy in a bovine leukemia model.

Background And Aim: Bovine interleukin 15 (bIL15) is a potential immunotherapy that can block the spread of bovine leukemia virus (BLV). However, immune checkpoints that maintain body homeostasis may reduce their effectiveness. Thus, an analysis of the effectiveness of bIL15 while blocking negative immune regulators is necessary.

Analysis of Antibody Induction by Macrophages Treated with Human Proteins in Mice.

Background: Macrophages are essential cellular components in various body tissues and tumor microenvironments. The high infiltration of macrophages into the tumor microenvironment determines the importance of treatment of personalized macrophages with recombinant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (rCTLA-4), programmed death-ligand 1 (rPD-L1), and programmed cell death protein 1 (rPD-1) proteins to block immune checkpoints.

Methods: We investigated the development of humoral immunity against CTLA-4, PD-L1, and PD-1 receptors by introducing macrophages treated with the corresponding proteins into mice.

Expression of Recombinant CTLA-4 and PD-L1 Proteins Fused with Thioredoxin, and Determination of Their Ligand-Binding Activities.

Background: The use of chimeric proteins that selectively interact with various immune cell receptors to treat oncology patients has increased. One effective way to obtain recombinant proteins is to use the expression system. However, in eukaryotic protein production in , several difficulties arise that can be solved by fusing the target protein with thioredoxin.