High school physics teachers' pedagogical discontentment: The effect of curriculum improvement and professional development programs.

Pedagogical discontentment refers to the feeling of dissatisfaction or frustration that teachers experience with the current state of their teaching. The purpose of this study is to explore high school physics teachers' pedagogical discontentment within the Kazakhstani context. A survey was administered to 126 physics teachers from urban and suburban areas.

Equivalent circuit of a silicon-lithium p-i-n nuclear radiation detector.

Nuclear radiation detectors are indispensable for research in the field of nuclear radiation, X-ray spectroscopy and other areas. Interest in silicon p-i-n detectors of nuclear radiation is increasing today due to the possibility of their operation under normal conditions. In this paper, an equivalent circuit of a silicon-lithium p-i-n nuclear radiation detector is proposed.

Modification of Macromolecules of Polyimide Films by Electron Irradiation.

New polymeric materials formation by controlling their properties is the primary and most challenging problem in developing a methodology for synthesizing a chosen technology and its use. The combined effect of high-energy electron radiation and tensile stress will cause a decrease in crystallinity and the breakage of chemical bonds in polyimide film macromolecules and is a new approach in their production technology. The effect of uniaxial tension and electron irradiation on the modification of polyimide film at room temperature was studied.

Physical Processes during the Formation of Silicon-Lithium p-i-n Structures Using Double-Sided Diffusion and Drift Methods.

In this paper, we described a method of double-sided diffusion and drift of lithium-ions into monocrystalline silicon for the formation of the large-sized, p-i-n structured Si(Li) radiation detectors. The p-i-n structure is a p-n junction with a doped region, where the "i-region" is between the n and the p layers. A well-defined i-region is usually associated with p or n layers with high resistivities.