Hungry pigeons prefer sooner rare food over later likely food or faster information.

Introduction: Making decisions and investing effort to obtain rewards may depend on various factors, such as the delay to reward, the probability of its occurrence, and the information that can be collected about it. As predicted by various theories, pigeons and other animals indeed mind these factors when deciding.

Methods: We now implemented a task in which pigeons were allowed to choose among three options and to peck at the chosen key to improve the conditions of reward delivery.

Relations Between L2 Proficiency and L1 Lexical Property Evaluations.

The present study investigates the relations between L2-English proficiency and L1-Turkish lexical property evaluations. We asked whether L2 proficiency affects lexical properties, including imageability and concreteness ratings of 600 Turkish words selected from the Word Frequency Dictionary of Written Turkish. Seventy-two participants (L1-Turkish - L2-English) provided ratings of concreteness and imageability for 600 words on a 7-point scale.