Histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate regulates the activation of toll-like receptor 4/interferon regulatory factor-3 signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells.

Context: The covalent acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins by the histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes can be considered a novel therapeutic target in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Sodium butyrate (NaBu) is a HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) which is a promising potential anticancer drug. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression is increased in PCa cells and HDACi alter TLR-inducible gene expressions.

The prognostic and predictive values of differential expression of exosomal receptor tyrosine kinases and associated with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Purpose: Cancer cell-derived exosomes are the mediator of the tumor microenvironment and the molecular content of exosomes presents a promising prognostic or predictive marker in tumor progression and the treatment response of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to identify the expression levels of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and AKT1 and mTOR before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in the exosomes of BC patients compared with healthy females.

Methods: After isolating exosomes in the serum of 25 BC patients and characterization by flow cytometry, the mRNA levels of FGFR2, FGFR3, PDGFRB, AKT1 and mTOR in the exosomes were analyzed by RT-PCR.