Novel synthesis approach for "stubborn" metals and metal oxides.

Advances in physical vapor deposition techniques have led to a myriad of quantum materials and technological breakthroughs, affecting all areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology which rely on the innovation in synthesis. Despite this, one area that remains challenging is the synthesis of atomically precise complex metal oxide thin films and heterostructures containing "stubborn" elements that are not only nontrivial to evaporate/sublimate but also hard to oxidize. Here, we report a simple yet atomically controlled synthesis approach that bridges this gap.

Diffusion of CO2 in Large Crystals of Cu-BTC MOF.

Carbon dioxide adsorption in metal-organic frameworks has been widely studied for applications in carbon capture and sequestration. A critical component that has been largely overlooked is the measurement of diffusion rates. This paper describes a new reproducible procedure to synthesize millimeter-scale Cu-BTC single crystals using concentrated reactants and an acetic acid modulator.

Facile Conversion of Hydroxy Double Salts to Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Metal Oxide Particles and Atomic Layer Deposition Thin-Film Templates.

Rapid room-temperature synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is highly desired for industrial implementation and commercialization. Here we find that a (Zn,Cu) hydroxy double salt (HDS) intermediate formed in situ from ZnO particles or thin films enables rapid growth (<1 min) of HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2) at room temperature. The space-time-yield reaches >3 × 10(4) kg·m(-3)·d(-1), at least 1 order of magnitude greater than any prior report.

Results of treatment one year later: child and adolescent partial hospitalization.

Objective: One criticism of academicians is that they evaluate and disseminate outcome studies based more on the value and merit of the research design than on the utility of the findings for improving clinical practice. Increasing pressure on programs to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral health care is transitioning outcome measurement from the exclusive domain of the researcher toward the clinical/organizational domain. To explore the multiple applications of such clinical outcome data, this article presents the results from a study of 114 patients completing treatment in two child and adolescent partial hospital programs.

Anticipatory stress in children and adolescents.

Objective: Circumstances surrounding the New Madrid earthquake prediction on Dec. 3, 1990, offered a unique opportunity to study the effects of a disaster warning stage on children and adolescents.

Method: An initial structured interview was administered to 553 third- and 10th-grade students before December 3, with follow-up interviews conducted 6-8 weeks later.

Child and adolescent day treatment: population profile.

This paper presents the demographic and clinical data necessary to define the population of children and adolescents served in a model day treatment program. On the day of admission, patients (N = 204) and parents complete a batter of instruments designed to measure reliably characteristics of the patient's system at three levels: individual, parental, and family. Design of the assessment establishes comparisons among self-report, parent/other report, and clinician report measures at each subsystem level.

Nucleotide sequencing and expression of the fadL gene involved in long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli.

The fadL gene of Escherichia coli codes for an outer membrane protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport. Its product was purified from outer membrane proteins. We determined the nucleotide sequence of a 2.

Regulation of fatty acid degradation in Escherichia coli: fadR superrepressor mutants are unable to utilize fatty acids as the sole carbon source.

Localized mutagenesis of the fadR region of the Escherichia coli chromosome resulted in the isolation of two classes of fadR regulatory mutants. The first class was constitutive for the fatty acid degradative enzymes and presumably defective for fadR function. The second class was rarer and resulted in the inability to utilize fatty acids as a sole carbon source (Fad-).

Regulation of the ato operon by the atoC gene in Escherichia coli.

The expression of the Ato enzymes, acetyl coenzyme A:acetoacetyl coenzyme A transferase and thiolase II, is required for growth of Escherichia coli on short-chain fatty acids. The structural genes for these enzymes, atoD, atoA, and atoB, respectively, make up the ato operon. A 48-kilodalton protein encoded by atoC was required for the synthesis or activation of the Ato enzymes.

Purification and characterization of an outer membrane-bound protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli.

We report the purification and localization of the fadL gene product (FLP), an essential component of the long-chain fatty acid transport machinery in Escherichia coli. FLP was extracted from total membranes by differential extraction with the nonionic detergents Tween 20 and Triton X-100. This protein was further purified from a Tween 20-insoluble-Triton X-100-soluble extract by salt fractionation, gel filtration chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.

Genetic and molecular characterization of the genes involved in short-chain fatty acid degradation in Escherichia coli: the ato system.

The structural organization and regulation of the genes involved in short-chain fatty acid degradation in Escherichia coli, referred to as the ato system, have been studied by a combination of classic genetic and recombinant DNA techniques. A plasmid containing a 6.2-kilobase region of the E.

Transport of long-chain fatty acids in Escherichia coli. Evidence for role of fadL gene product as long-chain fatty acid receptor.

Transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) across the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli requires functional fadL and fadD genes. The fadD gene codes for an acyl-CoA synthetase (fatty acid: CoA ligase (AMP forming] which has broad chain length specificity and is loosely bound to the cytoplasmic membrane. The fadL gene codes for a 43,000-dalton cytoplasmic membrane protein which, acting by an unknown mechanism, is needed specifically for LCFA transport.

Long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli. Cloning, mapping, and expression of the fadL gene.

Transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 requires a functional fadL gene (Maloy, S. R., Ginsburgh, C.

Cloning and characterization of a gene (fadR) involved in regulation of fatty acid metabolism in Escherichia coli.

The regulatory gene fadR has been previously characterized by classical genetic means as a diffusible protein which exerts negative control over fatty acid degradation and acetate metabolism. fadR has also been implicated in the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. To facilitate the identification of the product of the fadR gene and to study the mechanism by which this multifunctional regulatory gene exerts its control, we cloned a segment of DNA containing the fadR gene in the phage vector lambda L47.

Transport of long chain fatty acids in Escherichia coli. Identification of a membrane protein associated with the fadL gene.

The fadL gene is required for the transport of long chain fatty acids in Escherichia coli (Maloy, S. R., Ginsburgh, C.

Cloning, mapping, and expression of genes involved in the fatty acid-degradative multienzyme complex of Escherichia coli.

Two protein subunits (42,000 and 78,000 daltons) encoded by the fadAB genes form a multifunctional enzyme complex containing thiolase, 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, crotonase , epimerase, and isomerase activities (S. Pawar and H. Schulz, J.

Regulation of fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli: analysis by operon fusion.

The regulation of the fadL gene, which encodes a long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport component, was examined by constructing a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 that bears a phi (fadL-lacZ+) operon fusion plus a wild-type fadL gene. This merodiploid strain expressed LCFA transport and beta-galactosidase activity coordinately under noninducing, inducing, and catabolite-repressing conditions. Merodiploid strains which carried a defective fadR gene expressed LCFA transport and beta-galactosidase activity constitutively.

Role for fadR in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli K-12 mutants constitutive for the synthesis of the enzymes of fatty acid degradation (fad) synthesize significantly less unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) than do wild-type (fadR+) strains. The constitutive fadR mutants synthesize less UFA than do fadR+) strains both in vivo and in vitro. The inability of fadR strains to synthesize UFAs at rates comparable to those of fadR+ strains is phenotypically asymptomatic unless the fadR strain also carries a lesion in fabA, the structural gene for beta-hydroxydecanoyl-thioester dehydrase.

Effects of central and peripheral pretreatment with fluoxetine in gustatory conditioning.

The administration of fluoxetine, a relatively specific serotonin uptake inhibitor, an hour prior to a taste-drug pairing was shown to attenuate the acquisition of taste aversions in a dose-dependent manner. Desipramine which is less effective than fluoxetine in blocking the reuptake of serotonin was also less potent in reducing the magnitude of taste aversions. Depletion of forebrain serotonin by lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei or of norepinephrine by lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle failed to prevent the pretreatment effect produced by either fluoxetine or desipramine.

Genetic regulation of the glyoxylate shunt in Escherichia coli K-12.

The expression of the glyoxylate shunt enzymes is required for growth of Escherichia coli on acetate or fatty acids as a sole carbon source. The genes for the two unique enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt, aceA and aceB, are located at 90 min on the E. coli K-12 genetic map.

Role of gene fadR in Escherichia coli acetate metabolism.

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 constitutive for fatty acid degradation (fadR) showed an increased rate of utilization of exogenous acetate. Acetate transport, oxidation, and incorporation into macromolecules was approximately fivefold greater in fadR mutants than fadR+ strains during growth on succinate as a carbon source. This effect was due to the elevated levels of glyoxylate shunt enzymes in fadR mutants, since (i) similar results were seen with mutants constitutive for the glyoxylate shunt enzymes (iclR), (ii) induction of the glyoxylate shunt in fadR+ strains by growth on acetate or oleate increased the rate of acetate utilization to levels comparable to those in fadR mutants, and (iii) fadR and fadR+ derivatives of mutants defective for the glyoxylate shunt enzymes showed equivalent rates of acetate utilization under these conditions.

Isolation and genetic characterization of Escherichia coli mutants defective in propionate metabolism.

Escherichia coli mutants defective in propionate metabolism (Prp-) were isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Prp- mutants demonstrate a phenotypic inability to grow on odd-chain-length fatty acids. The new genetic locus for the Prp- phenotype maps at approximately 98 min on the E.