Role of monocarboxylate transporters in AMPK-mediated protection against excitotoxic injury in the rat retina.

Activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway protects against N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic retinal injury. AMPK activation enhances fatty acid metabolism and ketone body synthesis. Ketone bodies are transported into neurons by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and exert neuroprotective effects.

Identification of a responsible promoter region and a key transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon, for up-regulation of PHGPx in HL60 cells stimulated with TNF alpha.

In the present study we investigated promoter regions of the PHGPx [phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx (glutathione peroxidase)] gene and transcription factors involved in TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha)-induced up-regulation of PHGPx in non-differentiated HL60 cells. Non-differentiated HL60 cells displayed up-regulation of non-mitochondrial and mitochondrial PHGPx mRNA in response to TNFalpha stimulation. The promoter activity was up-regulated by TNFalpha stimulation in cells transfected with a luciferase reporter vector encoding the region from -282 to -123 of the human PHGPx gene compared with the non-stimulated control.

Identification of the positive regulatory and distinct core regions of promoters, and transcriptional regulation in three types of mouse phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase.

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is transcribed into three types of mRNA, mitochondrial, non-mitochondrial and nucleolar types, from one gene by alternative transcription using different first exons, Ia and Ib. We investigated the regulatory mechanisms of the expressions of the three types of PHGPx using promoter analysis with luciferase as the reporter gene and electrophoretical mobility shift analysis. Here we report a draft of the positive regulatory region and the core promoter regions of PHGPx in several cell lines.