Early weaning increases anxiety via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the mouse prefrontal cortex.

Deprivation of maternal care during early development markedly affects emotional development, but the underlying neuromolecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In a mouse model of disrupted mother-infant relationship, early weaning causes long-term impacts on pups to exhibit increased corticosterone secretion, anxiety, and stress responses in their adulthood. Revealing the molecular mechanisms behind it would beneficial to ameliorating mental problems caused by abuse in childhood.

Immobility responses are induced by photoactivation of single glomerular species responsive to fox odour TMT.

Fox odour 2,4,5-trimethyl thiazoline (TMT) is known to activate multiple glomeruli in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and elicits strong fear responses. In this study, we screened TMT-reactive odourant receptors and identified Olfr1019 with high ligand reactivity and selectivity, whose glomeruli are located in the posterodorsal OB. In the channelrhodopsin knock-in mice for Olfr1019, TMT-responsive olfactory-cortical regions were activated by photostimulation, leading to the induction of immobility, but not aversive behaviour.

10-MHz, Yb-fiber chirped-pulse amplifier system with large-scale transmission gratings.

Large-scale transmission gratings were produced for a stretcher and a compressor in the Yb-fiber chirped-pulse amplification system. A 23-W, 200-fs laser system with a 10-MHz repetition rate was demonstrated. Focused intensity as high as 10(14) W/cm(2) was achieved, which is high enough for multi-photon processes such as high-order harmonics generation and multi-photon ionization of neutral atoms.