Application of ultrasound in vaccination against goldfish ulcer disease: a pilot study.

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida soluble A-layer protein (AP) and formalin-killed bacterin were assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) by applying ultrasound-immersion (USI) and injection (Inj) routes. No adjuvant was used in USI while IFA was used in Inj.

Enhancement of antigen uptake and antibody production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following bath immunization and ultrasound treatment.

Ultrasound irradiation and hyperosmotic treatments were compared as facilitators of antigen (BSA) penetration through the skin by bath vaccination and as enhancers of the antibody response in goldfish. The kinetics of BSA penetration and accumulation into the skin, and via it to the blood, and the consequent specific stimulation of the humoral immune response, were studied. The main findings are: (1).