Amide conjugates of the jasmonate precursor cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid regulate its homeostasis during plant stress responses.

Jasmonates are a family of oxylipin phytohormones regulating plant development and growth and mediating "defense versus growth" responses. The upstream JA biosynthetic precursor cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA) acts independently of CORONATIVE INSENSITIVE 1-mediated JA signaling in several stress-induced and developmental processes. However, its perception and metabolism are only partially understood.

A decoy receptor derived from alternative splicing fine-tunes cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis.

Hormone perception and signaling pathways have a fundamental regulatory function in the physiological processes of plants. Cytokinins, a class of plant hormones, regulate cell division and meristem maintenance. The cytokinin signaling pathway is well established in the model plant Arabidopsisthaliana.

Sucrose-responsive osmoregulation of plant cell size by a long non-coding RNA.

In plants, sugars are the key source of energy and metabolic building blocks. The systemic transport of sugars is essential for plant growth and morphogenesis. Plants evolved intricate molecular networks to effectively distribute sugars.

Spider mite infestation triggers coordinated hormonal trade-offs enabling plant survival with a fitness cost.

Tetranychus urticae is an important pest that causes severe damage to a wide variety of plants and crops, leading to a substantial productivity loss. Previous research has been focused on plant defence response to T. urticae to improve plant resistance.

Karrikinolide1 (KAR), a Bioactive Compound from Smoke, Improves the Germination of Morphologically Dormant L. Seeds by Reducing Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) Levels.

Smoke-water (SW) and Karrikinolide1 (KAR) release dormancy and improve seed germination in many plant species. Therefore, we tested SW (1:2500 /) and KAR (10 M) to break the morphological dormancy of celery cultivar ( L.).

Photothermal induction of pyroptosis in malignant glioma spheroids using (16-mercaptohexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide-modified cationic gold nanorods.

Plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) employing plasmonic gold nanorods (GNRs) presents a potent strategy for eradication of tumors including aggressive brain gliomas. Despite its promise, there is a pressing need for a more comprehensive evaluation of PPTT using sophisticated in vitro models that closely resemble tumor tissues, thereby facilitating the elucidation of therapeutic mechanisms. In this study, we exposed 3D glioma spheroids (tumoroids) to (16-mercaptohexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide-functionalized gold nanorods (MTAB-GNRs) and a near-infrared (NIR) laser.

Cell wall integrity modulates HOOKLESS1 and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 expression controlling apical hook formation.

Formation of the apical hook in etiolated dicot seedlings results from differential growth in the hypocotyl apex and is tightly controlled by environmental cues and hormones, among which auxin and gibberellins (GAs) play an important role. Cell expansion is tightly regulated by the cell wall, but whether and how feedback from this structure contributes to hook development are still unclear. Here, we show that etiolated seedlings of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) quasimodo2-1 (qua2) mutant, defective in pectin biosynthesis, display severe defects in apical hook formation and maintenance, accompanied by loss of asymmetric auxin maxima and differential cell expansion.

Cytokinins regulate spatially specific ethylene production to control root growth in Arabidopsis.

Two principal growth regulators, cytokinins and ethylene, are known to interact in the regulation of plant growth. However, information about the underlying molecular mechanism and positional specificity of cytokinin/ethylene crosstalk in the control of root growth is scarce. We have identified the spatial specificity of cytokinin-regulated root elongation and root apical meristem (RAM) size, both of which we demonstrate to be dependent on ethylene biosynthesis.

Spatio-temporal plant hormonomics: from tissue to subcellular resolution.

Due to technological advances in mass spectrometry, significant progress has been achieved recently in plant hormone research. Nowadays, plant hormonomics is well established as a fully integrated scientific field focused on the analysis of phytohormones, mainly on their isolation, identification, and spatiotemporal quantification in plants. This review represents a comprehensive meta-study of the advances in the phytohormone analysis by mass spectrometry over the past decade.

Systemic strategies for cytokinin biosynthesis and catabolism in Arabidopsis roots and leaves under prolonged ammonium nutrition.

Cytokinins are growth-regulating plant hormones that are considered to adjust plant development under environmental stresses. During sole ammonium nutrition, a condition known to induce growth retardation of plants, altered cytokinin content can contribute to the characteristic ammonium toxicity syndrome. To understand the metabolic changes in cytokinin pools, cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation were analyzed in the leaves and roots of mature Arabidopsis plants.

Diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family.

In epiphytes, aerial roots are important to combat water-deficient, nutrient-poor, and high-irradiance microhabitats. However, whether aerial roots can respond to gravity and whether auxin plays a role in regulating aerial root development remain open-ended questions. Here, we investigated the gravitropic response of the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite.

Cytokinin-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CRISPR-Cas9 mutants show reduced ability to prime resistance of tobacco against bacterial infection.

Although microalgae have only recently been recognized as part of the plant and soil microbiome, their application as biofertilizers has a tradition in sustainable crop production. Under consideration of their ability to produce the plant growth-stimulating hormone cytokinin (CK), known to also induce pathogen resistance, we have assessed the biocontrol ability of CK-producing microalgae. All pro- and eukaryotic CK-producing microalgae tested were able to enhance the tolerance of tobacco against Pseudomonas syringae pv.

Exploring affinity chromatography in proteomics: A comprehensive review.

Over the past decades, the proteomics field has undergone rapid growth. Progress in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, together with separation methods, has brought many innovative approaches to the study of the molecular biology of the cell. The potential of affinity chromatography was recognized immediately after its first application in proteomics, and since that time, it has become one of the cornerstones of many proteomic protocols.

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Steroids with Neuroactive Effects in Human Serum by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Neuroactive steroids are a group of steroid molecules that are involved in the regulation of functions of the nervous system. The nervous system is not only the site of their action, but their biosynthesis can also occur there. Neuroactive steroid levels depend not only on the physiological state of an individual (person's sex, age, diurnal variation, etc.

NeuroPorator: An open-source, current-limited electroporator for safe in utero gene transfer.

Background: Electroporation is an effective technique for genetic manipulation of cells, both in vitro and in vivo. In utero electroporation (IUE) is a special case, which represents a fine application of this technique to genetically modify specific tissues of embryos during prenatal development. Commercially available electroporators are expensive and not fully customizable.

The dimorphic diaspore model Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae): Distinct molecular and morphological control of responses to parental and germination temperatures.

Plants in habitats with unpredictable conditions often have diversified bet-hedging strategies that ensure fitness over a wider range of variable environmental factors. A striking example is the diaspore (seed and fruit) heteromorphism that evolved to maximize species survival in Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) in which external and endogenous triggers allow the production of two distinct diaspores on the same plant. Using this dimorphic diaspore model, we identified contrasting molecular, biophysical, and ecophysiological mechanisms in the germination responses to different temperatures of the mucilaginous seeds (M+ seed morphs), the dispersed indehiscent fruits (IND fruit morphs), and the bare non-mucilaginous M- seeds obtained by pericarp (fruit coat) removal from IND fruits.

Profiling of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and selected phytohormones in Arabidopsis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Background: Gaseous phytohormone ethylene levels are directly influenced by the production of its immediate non-volatile precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Owing to the strongly acidic character of the ACC molecule, its quantification has been difficult to perform. Here, we present a simple and straightforward validated method for accurate quantification of not only ACC levels, but also major members of other important phytohormonal classes - auxins, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid from the same biological sample.

DNA methylation landscapes in DIPG reveal methylome variability that can be modified pharmacologically.

Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a uniformly lethal brainstem tumor of childhood, driven by histone H3 K27M mutation and resultant epigenetic dysregulation. Epigenomic analyses of DIPG have shown global loss of repressive chromatin marks accompanied by DNA hypomethylation. However, studies providing a static view of the epigenome do not adequately capture the regulatory underpinnings of DIPG cellular heterogeneity and plasticity.

Assessing HCH isomer uptake in Alnus glutinosa: implications for phytoremediation and microbial response.

Although the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers have long been banned, their presence in the environment is still reported worldwide. In this study, we investigated the bioaccumulation potential of α, β, and δ hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers in black alder saplings (Alnus glutinosa) to assess their environmental impact. Each isomer, at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, was individually mixed with soil, and triplicate setups, including a control without HCH, were monitored for three months with access to water.

In situ seasonal patterns of root auxin concentrations and meristem length in an arctic sedge.

Seasonal dynamics of root growth play an important role in large-scale ecosystem processes; they are largely governed by growth regulatory compounds and influenced by environmental conditions. Yet, our knowledge about physiological drivers of root growth is mostly limited to laboratory-based studies on model plant species. We sampled root tips of Eriophorum vaginatum and analyzed their auxin concentrations and meristem lengths biweekly over a growing season in situ in a subarctic peatland, both in surface soil and at the permafrost thawfront.

Application of Long-Chained Auxin Conjugates Influenced Auxin Metabolism and Transcriptome Response in L. ssp. .

Auxin amino acid conjugates are considered to be storage forms of auxins. Previous research has shown that indole-3-acetyl-L-alanine (IAA-Ala), indole-3-propionyl-L-alanine (IPA-Ala) and indole-3-butyryl-L-alanine (IBA-Ala) affect the root growth of seedlings. To elucidate the potential mechanism of action of the conjugates, we treated seedlings with 0.

Chloroplast Auxin Efflux Mediated by ABCB28 and ABCB29 Fine-Tunes Salt and Drought Stress Responses in .

Photosynthesis is among the first processes negatively affected by environmental cues and its performance directly determines plant cell fitness and ultimately crop yield. Primarily sites of photosynthesis, chloroplasts are unique sites also for the biosynthesis of precursors of the growth regulator auxin and for sensing environmental stress, but their role in intracellular auxin homeostasis, vital for plant growth and survival in changing environments, remains poorly understood. Here, we identified two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B transporters, ABCB28 and ABCB29, which export auxin across the chloroplast envelope to the cytosol in a concerted action in vivo.

Patients with Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies Exhibit Altered Tryptophan Metabolism in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Some pathological conditions affecting the human body can also disrupt metabolic pathways and thus alter the overall metabolic profile. Knowledge of metabolic disturbances in specific diseases could thus enable the differential diagnosis of otherwise similar conditions. This work therefore aimed to comprehensively characterize changes in tryptophan metabolism in selected neurodegenerative diseases.

Comparison of plant biostimulating properties of Chlorella sorokiniana biomass produced in batch and semi-continuous systems supplemented with pig manure or acetate.

Microalgae-derived biostimulants provide an eco-friendly biotechnology for improving crop productivity. The strategy of circular economy includes reducing biomass production costs of new and robust microalgae strains grown in nutrient-rich wastewater and mixotrophic culture where media is enriched with organic carbon. In this study, Chlorella sorokiniana was grown in 100 l bioreactors under sub-optimal conditions in a greenhouse.

Mouse model of focal cortical dysplasia type II generates a wide spectrum of high-frequency activities.

High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) represent an electrographic biomarker of endogenous epileptogenicity and seizure-generating tissue that proved clinically useful in presurgical planning and delineating the resection area. In the neocortex, the clinical observations on HFOs are not sufficiently supported by experimental studies stemming from a lack of realistic neocortical epilepsy models that could provide an explanation of the pathophysiological substrates of neocortical HFOs. In this study, we explored pathological epileptiform network phenomena, particularly HFOs, in a highly realistic murine model of neocortical epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type II.