Ovarian Insufficiency in Adolescent Females with Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia: Pituitary versus Ovarian Iron Overload.

Introduction: Females with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) display menstrual irregularities and subfertility at certain points in their lives, even if well-chelated, representing a significant physical and psychological burden. Little is known about the effects of pituitary and ovarian iron contents on ovarian reserve and function. Hence, this study aimed to assess ovarian reserve and pituitary-gonadal axis function in adolescent females with TDT and correlate them with pituitary and ovarian volume, pituitary iron load, and serum ferritin.

Glycemic variability and time in range among children with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump during the Covid-19 pandemic in Egypt; single center experience.

Background: Covid-19 has impacted the lives of individuals worldwide especially those with chronic illnesses. Children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are at risk of glycemic deterioration during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, some studies reported glycemic improvement in these children during the pandemic.

The efficacy of insulin degludec and insulin glargine over NPH insulin among toddlers and preschoolers with type 1 diabetes using glycemic variability and time in range.

Unlabelled: Optimizing glycemic control without risking hypoglycemia is crucial in toddlers and preschoolers with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to avoid cognitive impairment later in life. Hence, this study aims to compare glycemic parameters among toddlers and preschoolers with T1D in relation to different basal insulins. Sixty toddlers and preschoolers with T1D with mean age of 3.

Changes in early optical coherence tomography angiography among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Relation to fibroblast growth factor 21.

Aims: Current diagnostic and treatment modalities target late stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) when retinopathy has already been established. Novel and more sensitive strategies are needed. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) permits non-invasive visualisation of retinal microcirculation.

Metabolism and memory: α-synuclein level in children with obesity and children with type 1 diabetes; relation to glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and executive functions.

Background/objectives: Children with obesity and those with type 1diabetes (T1D) exhibit subtle neurocognitive deficits, the mechanism of which remains unknown. α-synuclein plays a fundamental role in neurodegeneration. Moreover, its role in glucose and lipids metabolism is emerging.

Leukocytic dysregulation in children with type 1 diabetes: relation to diabetic vascular complications.

Background: Growing evidences highlight the role of the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) vascular complications. Neutrophil lymphocytic ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocytic ratio (PLR) are inexpensive but novel markers of chronic inflammation might have prognostic value in children with T1D.

Aim: To study NLR and PLR levels in children with T1D in comparison to matched controls and correlate them with fraction-C of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and micro-vascular complications.

Psychosocial aspects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with type 1 diabetes in Egypt; a limited resources country perspective.

Background: Novel innovations continue to emerge in type-1 diabetes (T1D) management aiming to improve glycemic control. Assessing the psychosocial outcomes of different treatment modalities is specifically crucial among children with T1D and differs from one population to another.

Objectives: To compare the health related quality of life (HRQoL) and confidence in diabetes self-management (CIDS) among children with T1D on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple daily injections (MDI) and to correlate them with the efficacy of glycemic control, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents(MINI-KID) depression module and socioeconomic-standard scale.

Nail fold microangiopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Relation to diabetic vascular complications.

Objectives: Microangiopathy is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Nail fold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is an easy non-invasive tool of microvasculature assessment. This study compares the NVC changes in adolescents with Type1 diabetes (T1D) to healthy controls and correlates them to diabetic vascular complications.

Pancreatic shear wave elastography in children with type 1 diabetes: relation to diabetes duration, glycemic indices, fasting C-peptide and diabetic complications.

Background: Little is known about changes in the pancreas as the course of type 1 diabetes progresses. Recently, shear wave elastography (SWE) emerged as a tool for assessing pancreatic stiffness in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with a few studies assessing it in diabetes.

Objective: To compare pancreatic SWE in children with recent-onset and long-standing type 1 diabetes to healthy controls and to correlate it with diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), functional B cell reserve (fasting C-peptide) and diabetic complications.

Disordered eating behaviour in adolescents with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; relation to body image, depression and glycemic control.

Background: Disordered eating behaviour (DEB) represents a significant morbidity among people with type-1 diabetes (T1D). Continuous-subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) improves glycemic control and psychological wellbeing in those with T1D. However, its relation to DEB remains obscure.

Abdominal lymphadenopathy in children with Gaucher disease: Relation to disease severity and glucosylsphingosine.

Few case reports and series reported abdominal lymphadenopathy (ALN) in people with Gaucher disease (GD). However, it's prevalence among Gaucher population, clinical implications and potential biomarkers are unknown. Hence this study aims to assess the prevalence of ALN among children with GD & to correlate it to neutrophil-lymphocytic-ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocytic-ratio (PLR) and glucosylsphingosine (Lyso-GL1).

Polymorphism in Egyptian Children with β-Thalassemia: Relation to Phenotypic Heterogeneity.

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is a potent genetic modifier of β-thalassemia phenotype. B-cell lymphoma 11A ( ) gene results in significant silencing of HbF. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of different genotypes among a cohort of Egyptian children with β-thalassemia and to correlate them to HbF and clinical severity score.

Circulating spexins in children with obesity: relation to cardiometabolic risk.

Background/objectives: The role of spexin (SPX) in energy metabolism, endocrinal homeostasis, and vasculopathy is emerging. However, scarce data are available about its role in childhood obesity and obesity-related vasculopathy. Hence, we aimed to assess the level of SPX in obese and normal-weight children, and to correlate it with aortic distensibility (AD) and aortic stiffness index (ASI).

Disturbed sleep quality and architecture in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Relation to glycemic control, vascular complications and insulin sensitivity.

Background: Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality have been linked to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. However, the relation between sleep disruption and type1 diabetes (T1D) hasn't been thoroughly explored.

Aim: To study the association between sleep parameters and glycemic control, insulin resistance and micro-vascular complications among adolescent with T1D.

Relationship of glycaemic derangement using continuous glucose monitoring system with sleep pattern among children with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Glycaemic derangement has been linked to sleep disruption. However, the impact of glycaemic derangement on sleep pattern among children with type 1 diabetes (C-T1D) remains unraveled.

Aim: To assess the effect of nocturnal hyperglycaemia and clinically significant (CS) hypoglycaemia on sleep pattern among C-T1D.

Ganglion Cell Complex Thinning in Young Gaucher Patients: Relation to Prodromal Parkinsonian Markers.

Background: Patients with Gaucher disease (GD) have an increased risk for parkinsonism. Retinal thinning has been described in parkinsonism as an early nonmotor feature. Scarce reports have addressed retinal thickness changes in GD.

Serum progranulin levels in paediatric patients with Gaucher disease; relation to disease severity and liver stiffness by transient elastography.

Background: Non-invasive screening for liver fibrosis using transient elastography (TE) could be of value in the management of Gaucher disease (GD). Progranulin (PGRN) is a novel disease modifier in GD and an independent marker of liver fibrosis.

Objectives: We determined PGRN levels in paediatric patients with GD and assessed its role as a potential marker for disease severity and relation to liver stiffness by TE.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and nail fold capillaroscopy changes in children and adolescents with Gaucher disease; relation to residual disease severity.

Background: Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by functional defects of the acid β-glucocerebrosidase enzyme, with accumulation of glucosylceramide in the macrophage lineage lysosomes causing multisystem abnormalities. However, some GD manifestations can't be explained by Gaucher-cells infiltration. Recent studies emphasized the role of inflammation in GD.

Cognitive decline and depressive symptoms: early non-motor presentations of parkinsonism among Egyptian Gaucher patients.

Evidence about the link between glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and parkinsonism is growing. Parkinsonism was described in adult type 1 Gaucher disease (GD); few case reports described it in type 3GD. To assess the presence of parkinsonian features in a cohort of Egyptian GD patients and correlate these findings to their genotype, phenotype, severity scoring index (SSI), cognitive function, and the presence of depressive symptoms.

Evaluation of continuous glucose monitoring system for detection of alterations in glucose homeostasis in pediatric patients with β-thalassemia major.

Background: Disturbances of glucose metabolism are common in β-thalassemia major (β-TM).

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the pattern of glucose homeostasis in pediatric β-TM patients comparing oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).

Methods: Two-hundred β-TM patients were studied and those with random blood glucose (RBG) ≥7.

Regulatory T cells with CD62L or TNFR2 expression in young type 1 diabetic patients: relation to inflammation, glycemic control and micro-vascular complications.

Background: Alteration of regulatory T cells (Tregs) may contribute to ineffective suppression of proinflammatory cytokines in type 1 diabetes.

Aim: We determined the percentage of Tregs expressing CD62L or tumor necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNFR2) in 70 young type 1 diabetic patients compared with 30 controls and assessed their relation to inflammation, glycemic control and micro-vascular complications.

Methods: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed with flow cytometric analysis of Tregs, Tregs expressing CD62L or TNFR2.