Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency and glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome: Two sides of the same coin.

Diseases of the adrenal glands can lead to primary adrenal insufficiency, and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can cause secondary adrenal insufficiency (adrenal suppression). The most common cause of adrenal suppression is exogenous steroids, a condition recently termed (GIAI). Similarly, weaning from high doses of glucocorticoids or giving insufficient glucocorticoid replacement after curative surgery for endogenous hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) can lead to glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome, which overlaps with GIAI.

Coronary artery disease in patients with cystic fibrosis - A case series and review of the literature.

Progressive obstructive pulmonary disease is the primary life-shortening complication in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF); improvement in life expectancy has led to increased prevalence of non-pulmonary complications. Patients with CF are considered to be at low risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). We report here a case series of six patients with CF with and without known cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) who had acute myocardial infarction (AMI) requiring coronary stent placement.

The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, have cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, and do not cause weight gain or significant hypoglycemia. In fact, they have been found to be effective for weight loss in patients with obesity with and without diabetes. They are now the preferred drugs to add to the regimen when oral metformin by itself is not enough to meet the patient's hemoglobin A1c goal.

A challenging case of Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma involving the thyroid and special considerations for diagnosis.

Background: Thyroid ultrasound is usually used to risk-stratify incidental thyroid nodules. Nodules with high risk sonographic features for malignancy are evaluated by fine-needle aspiration. The role of core needle biopsy for thyroid nodules is limited to cases where the fine needle aspiration is inconclusive.