Sensitivity and specificity of alternative screening methods for systematic reviews using text mining tools.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of text mining (TM) on the sensitivity and specificity of title and abstract screening strategies for systematic reviews (SRs).

Study Design And Setting: Twenty reviewers each evaluated a 500-citation set. We compared five screening methods: conventional double screen (CDS), single screen, double screen with TM, combined double screen and single screen with TM, and single screen with TM.

Interocular difference thresholds are mediated by binocular differencing, not summing, channels.

Patterns in the two eyes' views that are not identical in hue or contrast often elicit an impression of luster, providing a cue for discriminating them from perfectly matched patterns. Here we attempt to determine the mechanisms for detecting interocular differences in luminance contrast, in particular in relation to the possible contributions of binocular differencing and binocular summing channels. Test patterns were horizontally oriented multi-spatial-frequency luminance-grating patterns subject to variable amounts of interocular difference in grating phase, resulting in varying degrees of local interocular contrast difference.