Acute effects of outdoor versus indoor exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exercise and nature exposure are independently recognised for their positive relationship with health, but their combined effects are not fully understood. The present review summarises the evidence that compares physiological and perceptual differences of a single bout of exercise performed outdoors versus indoors. Nine databases were searched for articles published before March 2021 which utilised controlled designs to assess at least one physiological outcome during or after a single acute bout of outdoor exercise.

The Concussion, Exercise, and Brain Networks (ConExNet) study: a cohort study aimed at understanding the effects of sub-maximal aerobic exercise on resting state functional brain activity in pediatric concussion.

Background: Recent scientific evidence has challenged the traditional "rest-is-best" approach for concussion management. It is now thought that "exercise-is-medicine" for concussion, owing to dozens of studies which demonstrate that sub-maximal, graded aerobic exercise can reduce symptom burden and time to symptom resolution. However, the primary neuropathology of concussion is altered functional brain activity.

Denoising of the gradient artifact present in simultaneous studies of muscle blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal and electromyography (EMG).

The MR-induced gradient artifact affects EMG recordings during simultaneous muscle BOLD/EMG acquisitions. However, no dedicated hardware can remove the gradient artifact easily, and alternative methods are expensive and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop three denoising methods requiring different processing levels and MR-compatible hardware.

Sampling pattern discrepancy in the application of compressed sensing hyperpolarized xenon-129 lung MRI.

Although hyperpolarized (HP) Xe ventilation MRI can be carried out within a breath hold, it is still challenging for many sick patients. Compressed sensing (CS) is a viable alternative to accelerate this approach. However, undersampled images with identical sampling ratios differ from one another.

Testing the heat treatment dose for Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) prepupae using the Humble water bath.

The lethal heat treatment dose (time and temperature) for the prepupal life stage of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), emerald ash borer (EAB), was determined through an in vitro application using a carefully calibrated heat treatment apparatus. The lethal and sublethal effects of heat on A. planipennis prepupae were assessed through a ramped heat delivery application, simulating industrial kilns and conventional heat chamber operations, for treatments combining target temperatures of 54 °C, 55 °C, and 56 °C, and exposure durations of 0 min (i.

The Role of Calcium in Non-Invasively Imaging Breast Cancer: An Overview of Current and Modern Imaging Techniques.

The landscape of breast cancer diagnostics has significantly evolved over the past decade. With these changes, it is possible to provide a comprehensive assessment of both benign and malignant breast calcifications. The biochemistry of breast cancer and calcifications are thoroughly examined to describe the potential to characterize better different calcium salts composed of calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, or calcium hydroxyapatite and their associated prognostic implications.

A review of brain regions and associated post-concussion symptoms.

The human brain is an exceptionally complex organ that is comprised of billions of neurons. Therefore, when a traumatic event such as a concussion occurs, somatic, cognitive, behavioral, and sleep impairments are the common outcome. Each concussion is unique in the sense that the magnitude of biomechanical forces and the direction, rotation, and source of those forces are different for each concussive event.

New Insights Into Accelerometer-Measured Habitual Physical Activity and Sedentary Time During Early Recovery in Pediatric Concussion.

Purpose: Concussion management is shifting away from a rest-is-best approach, as data now suggest that exercise-is-medicine for this mild brain injury. Despite this, we have limited data on habitual physical activity following concussion. Therefore, our objective was to quantify accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time in children with concussion (within the first month of injury) and healthy controls.

Comparison of ventilation defects quantified by Technegas SPECT and hyperpolarized Xe MRI.

The ideal contrast agents for ventilation SPECT and MRI are Technegas and Xe gas, respectively. Despite increasing interest in the clinical utility of ventilation imaging, these modalities have not been directly compared. Therefore, our objective was to compare the ventilation defect percent (VDP) assessed by Technegas SPECT and hyperpolarized Xe MRI in patients scheduled to undergo lung cancer resection with and without pre-existing obstructive lung disease.

Molecular brain differences and cannabis involvement: A systematic review of positron emission tomography studies.

Background: An increasing number of studies have used positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate molecular neurobiological differences in individuals who use cannabis. This study aimed to systematically review PET imaging research in individuals who use cannabis or have cannabis use disorder (CUD).

Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria, a comprehensive systematic review was undertaken using the PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases.

Sex-specific differences in resting-state functional brain activity in pediatric concussion.

Pediatric concussion has a rising incidence and can lead to long-term symptoms in nearly 30% of children. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) disturbances are a common pathological feature of pediatric concussion, though no studies have explicitly examined sex-differences with respect to this outcome, precluding a sex-specific understanding of the functional neuropathology of pediatric concussion. Therefore, we performed a secondary data analysis of rs-fMRI data collected on children with concussion (n = 29) recruited from in a pediatric hospital setting, with greater than 12:1 matched control data accessed from the open-source ABIDE-II database.

The Effects of Outdoor versus Indoor Exercise on Psychological Health, Physical Health, and Physical Activity Behaviour: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Trials.

A growing body of research is exploring the potential added health benefits of exercise when performed outdoors in nature versus indoors. This systematic review aimed to compare the effects of exercise in outdoor environments versus indoor environments on psychological health, physical health, and physical activity behaviour. We searched nine databases from inception to March 2021 for English language, peer-reviewed articles: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SportsDiscus, GreenFile, and CENTRAL.

Amyloid-PET of the white matter: Relationship to free water, fiber integrity, and cognition in patients with dementia and small vessel disease.

White matter (WM) injury is frequently observed along with dementia. Positron emission tomography with amyloid-ligands (Aβ-PET) recently gained interest for detecting WM injury. Yet, little is understood about the origin of the altered Aβ-PET signal in WM regions.

Nailfold capillaroscopy and deep learning in diabetes.

Objective: To determine whether nailfold capillary images, acquired using video capillaroscopy, can provide diagnostic information about diabetes and its complications.

Research Design And Methods: Nailfold video capillaroscopy was performed in 120 adult patients with and without type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and with and without cardiovascular disease. Nailfold images were analyzed using convolutional neural networks, a deep learning technique.

Can "Rover" help with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? Results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).

COVID-19 has negatively affected the mental health and well-being of adults, and thus it is important to examine potential factors which may influence mental health during the pandemic. We thus examined the association between pet ownership and depression/anxiety symptoms based on mental health disorder status during the COVID-19 pandemic. We included 12,068 cognitively healthy participants (45-86 years at study entry) from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) comprehensive cohort who completed the first follow-up ([FU1]; 2015-2018), and COVID-19 Survey entry (April-May 2020) and exit (September-December 2020).

Vascular burden and cognition: Mediating roles of neurodegeneration and amyloid PET.

It remains unclear to what extent cerebrovascular burden relates to amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive dysfunction in mixed disease populations with small vessel disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. In 120 subjects, we investigated the association of vascular burden (white matter hyperintensity [WMH] volumes) with cognition. Using mediation analyses, we tested the indirect effects of WMH on cognition via Aβ deposition ( F-AV45 positron emission tomography [PET]) and neurodegeneration (cortical thickness or F fluorodeoxyglucose PET) in AD signature regions.

Exploring the relationship between resting-state intra-network connectivity and accelerometer-measured physical activity in pediatric concussion: a cohort study.

Our objective was to explore the association between resting-state functional connectivity and accelerometer-measured physical activity in pediatric concussion. Fourteen children with concussion (aged 14.54 ± 2.

Non-invasive MR imaging techniques for measuring femoral arterial flow in a pediatric and adolescent cohort.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is well-suited for imaging peripheral blood flow due to its non-invasive nature and excellent spatial resolution. Although MRI is routinely used in adults to assess physiological changes in chronic diseases, there are currently no MRI-based data quantifying arterial flow in pediatric or adolescent populations during exercise. Therefore the current research sought to document femoral arterial blood flow at rest and following exercise in a pediatric-adolescent population using phase contrast MRI, and to present test-retest reliability data for this method.

Impaired Cold-Stimulated Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Young Boys With Obesity.

Childhood obesity is a growing worldwide problem. In adults, lower cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is linked to obesity and metabolic dysfunction; this relationship remains uncertain in children. In this cross-sectional study, we compared cold-induced supraclavicular (SCV) BAT activity (percent change in proton density fat fraction [PDFF]) within the SCV region after 1 h of whole-body cold exposure (18°C), using MRI in 26 boys aged 8-10 years: 13 with normal BMI and 13 with overweight/obesity.

Investigating acute changes in osteoarthritic cartilage by integrating biomechanics and statistical shape models of bone: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.

Objective: This proof-of-principle study integrates joint reaction forces (JRFs) and bone shape to assess acute cartilage changes from walking and cycling.

Methods: Sixteen women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis were recruited. Biomechanical assessment estimated JRFs during walking and cycling.

The Effect of Exercise on Neural Activation and Cognition: A Review of Task-Based fMRI Studies.

Numerous studies have stressed the importance of exercise in promoting physical and mental health and for aiding in cognition. Encouragingly, physical exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and to mitigate hemiparesis experienced by stroke patients. Additionally, today where over 1.

A Radiology-focused Review of Predictive Uncertainty for AI Interpretability in Computer-assisted Segmentation.

The recent advances and availability of computer hardware, software tools, and massive digital data archives have enabled the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Concerns over whether AI tools can "communicate" decisions to radiologists and primary care physicians is of particular importance because automated clinical decisions can substantially impact patient outcome. A challenge facing the clinical implementation of AI stems from the potential lack of trust clinicians have in these predictive models.

An approach to evaluation of the point-spread function for Na magnetic resonance imaging.

Despite the technical challenges that require lengthy acquisitions to overcome poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), sodium ( Na) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an intriguing area of research due to its essential role in human metabolism. Low SNR images can impact the measurement of the point-spread function (PSF) by adding uncertainty into the resulting quantities. Here, we present methods to calculate the PSF by using the modulation transfer function (MTF), and a 3D-printed line-pair phantom in the context of Na MRI.