Holding time or fixative formulation has no obvious effect on histology of and .

Collection of coral for histologic examination requires holding of samples in seawater for a time before they are fixed for histologic processing. This could adversely affect the interpretation of morphologic changes during histologic examinations. We evaluated the microscopic morphology of and held (0-120 minutes) in seawater prior to fixation in Z-Fix formulated with raw or artificial seawater.

Coral micro-fragmentation assays for optimizing active reef restoration efforts.

The global decline of coral reefs has driven considerable interest in active coral restoration. Despite their importance and dominance on mature reefs, relatively few coral restoration projects use slower growth forms like massive and encrusting coral species. Micro-fragmentation can increase coral cover by orders of magnitude faster than natural growth, which now allows cultivation of slow growing massive forms and shows promise and flexibility for active reef restoration.