Visual skills essential for rugby.

Background: Keen vision is one of the most important qualities required of athletes. It enables players to perform sports-related drills and apply decision-making skills. To accurately measure the visual ability of athletes, it is important to first identify the variety of visual skills involved in the particular sport.

Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited.

Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19.

Design, Setting, And Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin.

Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Ischemia and Abnormal Vascular Function Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Importance: Ischemia is an important pathophysiological mechanism after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but its incidence and spatiotemporal patterns are poorly characterized.

Objective: To comprehensively characterize the spatiotemporal changes in cerebral physiology after TBI.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This single-center cohort study uses 15oxygen positron emission tomography data obtained in a neurosciences critical care unit from February 1998 through July 2014 and analyzed from April 2018 through August 2019.

Medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, South Africa.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Qualitative and quantitative data is presented that gives a new perspective on the traditional medicinal plants of the Khoisan (Khoe-San), one of the most ancient of human cultures. The data is not only of considerable historical and cultural value, but allows for fascinating comparative studies relating to new species records, novel use records and the spatial distribution of traditional plant use knowledge within the Cape Floristic Region.

Aim Of The Study: A detailed documentation and quantitative analysis of medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg area (an important Khoisan and Nama cultural centre) and their traditional uses, which have hitherto remained unrecorded.

Surgical repair of humeral condylar fractures in New Zealand working farm dogs - long-term outcome and owner satisfaction.

Aim: To report the long-term outcome, return to work and owner satisfaction, for working farm dogs in New Zealand following surgical repair of humeral condylar fractures.

Methods: A retrospective study of working dogs that had undergone surgical repair of one or more condylar fractures of the humerus was undertaken by searching the medical records of two referral veterinary clinics. The inclusion criteria were working dogs that had undergone open surgical reduction and internal fixation of a fracture of one or both humeral condyles.

Monitoring vigabatrin in head injury patients by cerebral microdialysis: obtaining pharmacokinetic measurements in a neurocritical care setting.

Aims: The aims were to determine blood-brain barrier penetration and brain extracellular pharmacokinetics for the anticonvulsant vigabatrin (VGB; γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) in brain extracellular fluid and plasma from severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, and to measure the response of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in brain extracellular fluid.

Methods: Severe TBI patients (n = 10) received VGB (0.5 g enterally, every 12 h).

Extracellular brain pH with or without hypoxia is a marker of profound metabolic derangement and increased mortality after traumatic brain injury.

Cerebral hypoxia and acidosis can follow traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with increased mortality. This study aimed to evaluate a relationship between reduced pH(bt) and disturbances of cerebral metabolism. Prospective data from 56 patients with TBI, receiving microdialysis and Neurotrend monitoring, were analyzed.

A microdialysis study of oral vigabatrin administration in head injury patients: preliminary evaluation of multimodality monitoring.

Background: We assessed the feasibility of administering a neuroprotective drug, vigabatrin (VGB; gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) with multimodality monitoring, including cerebral microdialysis, in severe head injury patients, to measure surrogate endpoints and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration.

Methods: Patients (n = 20) were randomised to VGB (0.5 g twice-daily, enteric) or control.

Interaction between brain chemistry and physiology after traumatic brain injury: impact of autoregulation and microdialysis catheter location.

Bedside monitoring of cerebral metabolism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) with microdialysis is gaining wider clinical acceptance. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the fundamental physiological neuromonitoring modalities intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), brain tissue oxygen (P(bt)O(2)), and cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (PRx), and cerebral chemistry assessed with microdialysis, with particular focus on the lactate/pyruvate (LP) ratio as a marker of energy metabolism. Prospectively collected observational neuromonitoring data from 97 patients with TBI, requiring neurointensive care management and invasive cerebral monitoring, were analyzed.

Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study of 223 patients.

Secondary insults can adversely influence outcome following severe traumatic brain injury. Monitoring of cerebral extracellular chemistry with microdialysis has the potential for early detection of metabolic derangements associated with such events. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the fundamental biochemical markers and neurological outcome in a large cohort of patients with traumatic brain injury.

Hypertonic saline in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage improves cerebral blood flow, brain tissue oxygen, and pH.

Background And Purpose: Delayed cerebral ischemia and infarction due to reduced CBF remains the leading cause of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hypertonic saline (HS) is associated with an increase in CBF. This study explores whether CBF enhancement with HS in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with improved cerebral tissue oxygenation.

Are anthropometric, flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance variables related to clubhead velocity in low- and high-handicap golfers?

The present study assessed the anthropometric profile (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol), flexibility, muscular strength, and endurance of 20 male golfers. These data were collected in order to determine: a) the relationship between these kinanthropometric measures and clubhead velocity; and b) if these measures could distinguish low-handicap (LHG) and high-handicap (HHG) golfers. Ten LHG (handicap of 0.

The effect of biological movement variability on the performance of the golf swing in high- and low-handicapped players.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of neuromotor noise on golf swing performance in high- and low-handicap players. Selected two-dimensional kinematic measures of 20 male golfers (n=10 per high- or low-handicap group) performing 10 golf swings with a 5-iron club was obtained through video analysis. Neuromotor noise was calculated by deducting the standard error of the measurement from the coefficient of variation obtained from intra-individual analysis.

The effect of red blood cell transfusion on cerebral oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective: There is evidence to suggest that anemia after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is detrimental. However, there is a paucity of evidence supporting the use of transfusion of packed red blood cells in patients with sTBI. To understand the acute effect of packed red blood cell transfusion on cerebral oxygenation and metabolism in patients with sTBI.

A combined microdialysis and FDG-PET study of glucose metabolism in head injury.

Background: Microdialysis continuously monitors the chemistry of a small focal volume of the cerebral extracellular space. Positron emission tomography (PET) establishes metabolism of the whole brain but only for the scan's duration. This study's objective was to apply these techniques together, in patients with traumatic brain injury, to assess the relationship between microdialysis (extracellular glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and the lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio as a marker of anaerobic metabolism) and PET parameters of glucose metabolism using the glucose analogue [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG).

Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal compensation following traumatic brain injury.

Objective: Decompressive craniectomy is an advanced treatment option for intracranial pressure (ICP) control in patients with traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of decompressive craniectomy on ICP and cerebrospinal compensation both within and beyond the first 24 hours of craniectomy.

Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the physiological parameters from 27 moderately to severely head-injured patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for progressive brain edema.

Concordant biology underlies discordant imaging findings: diffusivity behaves differently in grey and white matter post acute neurotrauma.

Background: Cerebral edema is a common sequelum post traumatic brain injury (TBI). Quantification of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may help to characterize the pathophysiology of brain swelling.

Methods: Twenty-two patients with moderate-to-severe TBI underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including DTI, within five days of injury.

Ventriculostomy for control of raised ICP in acute traumatic brain injury.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ventriculostomy on intracranial pressure (ICP), and related parameters, including cerebrospinal compensation, cerebral oxygenation (PbtO2) and metabolism (microdialysis) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Materials And Methods: Twenty-four patients with parenchymal ICP sensors were prospectively included in the study. Ventriculostomy was performed after failure to control ICP with initial measures.

Effect of hyperoxia on regional oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings.

Objective: To determine the effect of normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Design: Prospective clinical investigation.

Setting: Neurosciences critical care unit of a university hospital.

Magnetic resonance imaging changes in the pituitary gland following acute traumatic brain injury.

Objective: The objective was to study the anatomical changes in the pituitary gland following acute moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design: Retrospective, observational, case-control study.

Setting: Neurosciences Critical Care Unit of a university hospital.

Inflammation in human brain injury: intracerebral concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and their endogenous inhibitor IL-1ra.

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), cascades of inflammatory processes occur. Laboratory studies implicate the cytokines interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and IL-1beta in the pathophysiology of TBI and cerebral ischemia, whilst exogenous and endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is neuroprotective. We analyzed IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1ra in brain microdialysates (100-kDa membrane) in 15 TBI patients.

Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging.

Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) contributes significantly to mortality and morbidity following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but is poorly characterized by conventional imaging techniques. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may provide better detection as well as insights into the mechanisms of white matter injury. DTI data from 33 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, acquired at a median of 32 h postinjury, were compared with data from 28 age-matched controls.

Cerebrovascular reactivity during hypothermia and rewarming.

Background: Experimental evidence from a murine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) suggests that hypothermia followed by fast rewarming may damage cerebral microcirculation. The effects of hypothermia and subsequent rewarming on cerebral vasoreactivity in human TBI are unknown.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of data acquired during a prospective, observational neuromonitoring and imaging data collection project.