Challenges and solutions of deep learning-based automated liver segmentation: A systematic review.

The liver is one of the vital organs in the body. Precise liver segmentation in medical images is essential for liver disease treatment. The deep learning-based liver segmentation process faces several challenges.

Particle swarm-based and neuro-based FOPID controllers for a Twin Rotor System with improved tracking performance and energy reduction.

This paper examines two approaches in tuning fractional order proportional-integral-differential (FOPID) control named as neuro-based FOPID (NNFOPID) and particle swarm-based FOPID (PSOFOPID) for pitch control of a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS). For the neuro-based FOPID control, the innovations are the modification of output equation in the artificial neural network and the implementation of the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function. The advantages of the proposed approach are a lighter network and the ability to tune more practical controller parameters without a deep knowledge of the system to achieve a satisfying pitch tracking response.