Relative preference for distinct reinforcers maintaining destructive behavior.

The literature offers few recommendations for sequencing exposure to treatment conditions with individuals with multiply maintained destructive behavior. Identifying relative preference for the functional reinforcers maintaining destructive behavior may be one means of guiding that decision. The present study presents a preliminary attempt at developing a robust relative preference and reinforcer assessment for individuals with multiply maintained destructive behavior.

An assessment of token value and effectiveness: A replication.

The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systematic replication of Fiske et al. (2015) to extend the behavior-analytic literature on token reinforcement. Specifically, the researchers addressed several of the limitations of Fiske et al.

Basic and applied research on extinction bursts.

Discontinuation of the contingency between a response and its reinforcer sometimes produces a temporary increase in the response before its rate decreases, a phenomenon called the extinction burst. Prior clinical and basic studies on the prevalence of the extinction burst provide highly disparate estimates. Existing theories on the extinction burst fail to account for the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, and the basic behavioral processes that control response bursting remain poorly understood.

Intentional Storytelling to Sustain Low-cost/Free Breast Cancer Services: A Latina Example of Community-driven Advocacy.

Background: Community-based public health advocacy efforts are crucial to sustaining the low-cost/free breast cancer services that support underserved populations.

Objectives: We introduce two ways in which narrative theory may be a useful tool for developing advocacy materials and provide an example, using a community-academic partnership to promote Latina breast health in Chicago, Illinois.

Methods: Community and academic partners 1) engaged 25 Spanish-speaking Latinas in an advocacy workshop, 2) leveraged narrative theory to develop multi-media advocacy materials, and 3) disseminated materials to policymakers.

Determinants of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy spectrum.

Vaccine hesitancy remains an issue in the United States. This study conducted an online survey [N = 3,013] using the Social Science Research Solution [SSRS] Opinion Panel web panelists, representative of U.S.

Lower transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide in women with a patent foramen ovale.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Do individuals with a patent foramen ovale (PFO ) have a lower lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide than those without (PFO )? What is the main finding and its importance? We found a lower rate constant for carbon monoxide uptake in PFO compared with PFO women, which was physiologically relevant (≥0.5 z-score difference), but not for PFO versus PFO men. This suggests that factors independent of the PFO are responsible for our findings, possibly inherent structural differences in the lung.

Preparing New Graduate Nurses for Patient Rescue: An Experimental Quantitative Study.

A patient deterioration educational program was offered to new graduate nurses. Pre and post self-confidence scores were compared, and competency performance was evaluated during a simulation. The results indicate that most of the participants successfully demonstrated simulation competencies, and there was a statistically significant improvement in self-confidence scores.

Meeting our students' educational needs during a global pandemic: Creating online clinical learning experiences.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the conversion of in-person simulations into online evolving case study activities in an undergraduate nursing curriculum as a result of COVID-19 precautions. The School of Nursing at Eastern Kentucky University utilized technological resources to provide meaningful online learning activities to meet student learning outcomes. The key teaching strategies to maintain were application and synthesis of knowledge through guided reflective activities and discussion.

A Novel Role for Histatin 5 in Combination with Zinc to Promote Commensalism in Survivor Cells.

is maintained as a commensal by immune mechanisms at the oral epithelia. Oral antifungal peptide Histatin 5 (Hst 5) may function in innate immunity, but the specific role Hst 5 plays in commensalism is unclear. Since Zn-binding potentiates the candidacidal activity of Hst 5, we hypothesized that Hst 5+Zn would elicit a unique fungal stress response to shape interactions between and oral epithelial cells (OECs).

Building Resilience Through Sport in Young People With Adverse Childhood Experiences.

Interventions focused on young people at risk of anti-social and criminal behaviour frequently involve physical exercise and/or participation in sporting activities as a primary vehicle to bring about behavioural change in both the short to medium term. Anecdotal evidence suggests that sporting activities positively influence individual well-being alongside a sense of purpose and belonging centred around sporting clubs and activities. Empirically, participation in sport has been identified as a key resilience factor for young people with numerous Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and investment and policy initiatives target investment in these opportunities.

Utilization Impact of Cost-Sharing Elimination for Preventive Care Services: A Rapid Review.

Consumer cost-sharing has been shown to diminish utilization of preventive services. Recent efforts, including provisions within the Affordable Care Act, have sought to increase use of preventive care through elimination of cost-sharing for clinically indicated services. We conducted a rapid review of the literature to determine the impact of cost-share elimination on utilization of preventive services.

Neonatal immune challenge induces female-specific changes in social behavior and somatostatin cell number.

Decreases in social behavior are a hallmark aspect of acute "sickness behavior" in response to infection. However, immune insults that occur during the perinatal period may have long-lasting consequences for adult social behavior by impacting the developmental organization of underlying neural circuits. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are sensitive to immune stimulation and play a critical role in the developmental sculpting of neural circuits, making them likely mediators of this process.

Zinc Binding by Histatin 5 Promotes Fungicidal Membrane Disruption in and .

Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is an antimicrobial peptide produced in human saliva with antifungal activity for opportunistic pathogen . Hst 5 binds to multiple cations including dimerization-inducing zinc (Zn), although the function of this capability is incompletely understood. Hst 5 is taken up by and acts on intracellular targets under metal-free conditions; however, Zn is abundant in saliva and may functionally affect Hst 5.

The influence of item-level contextual history on lexical and semantic judgments by children and adults.

Semantic diversity quantifies the similarity in the content of contexts a word has been experienced in. Four experiments investigated its effect on lexical and semantic judgments in 9- to 10-year-olds and adults. In Experiment 1, a cross-modal semantic judgment task, participants decided whether a visually presented word matched an audio definition.

Patient Deterioration Simulation Education and New Graduate Nurses' Self-Confidence and Competence: A Pilot Study.

A rural community hospital provided a pilot patient deterioration simulation education for new graduate nurses in an attempt to advance the utilization of an existing rapid response team. Pre- and post-intervention self-confidence scores demonstrated a large effect size and a clinically significant eta squared value (.48).

Filamentous Non- Species Adhere to and Benefit From Dual Biofilm Growth.

Non- species (NACS) are often isolated along with in cases of oropharyngeal candidiasis. readily forms biofilms in conjunction with other oral microbiota including both bacteria and yeast. Adhesion between species is important to the establishment of these mixed biofilms, but interactions between and many NACS are not well-characterized.

Homicidal Ideation and Individuals on the Autism Spectrum.

Interest in the relationship between autism and violence has increased in recent years; however, no link has clearly been established between them. Researchers remain curious if autistic people with certain traits (e.g.

Successful prevention of perinatal HIV transmission utilizing direct observation therapy in the setting of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

We report a case of a 22-year-old G1P0010 African-American female with poorly controlled perinatally acquired HIV/AIDS and recent diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She presented to a tertiary care facility for prenatal care and direct observation therapy after poor medication adherence during pregnancy. After multiple attempts at outpatient ART management, the patient was admitted at 35 weeks' gestation for direct observation therapy for both antiretroviral therapy and anti-seizure medication.

Salivary metals, age, and gender correlate with cultivable oral carriage levels.

: Little is known about the normal range of metal levels in unstimulated saliva, nor whether these might impact carriage in healthy individuals. Both are important in determining which populations are at risk for candidiasis, as the availability of metal ions can influence the growth and pathogenesis of . : We quantified salivary metals of healthy individuals to determine the correlation with oral colonization.

Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris Is Susceptible to Salivary Histatin 5 Killing and to Intrinsic Host Defenses.

is a newly identified species causing invasive candidemia and candidiasis. It has broad multidrug resistance (MDR) not observed for other pathogenic species. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a well-studied salivary cationic peptide with significant antifungal activity against and is an attractive candidate for treating MDR fungi, since antimicrobial peptides induce minimal drug resistance.

Dispensing patterns for antidiabetic agents in New Zealand: are the guidelines being followed?

Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant public health issue in New Zealand. Effective management and glycaemic control is critical for reducing diabetes-related complications. Treatment guidelines are well established in New Zealand.

Human Salivary Protein Histatin 5 Has Potent Bactericidal Activity against ESKAPE Pathogens.

ESKAPE (, , , , , and species) pathogens have characteristic multiple-drug resistance and cause an increasing number of nosocomial infections worldwide. Peptide-based therapeutics to treat ESKAPE infections might be an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a salivary cationic histidine-rich peptide produced only in humans and higher primates.

Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in humans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implications for cryptogenic stroke?

What is the central question of this study? Do individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses at rest or during exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a greater prevalence of blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses at rest than age-matched control subjects. Given that the intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses are large enough to permit venous emboli to pass into the arterial circulation, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and an elevated risk of thrombus formation may be at risk of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomosis-facilitated embolic injury (e.g.

Treatment Planning and Delivery of Whole Brain Irradiation with Hippocampal Avoidance in Rats.

Background: Despite the clinical benefit of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), patients and physicians are concerned by the long-term impact on cognitive functioning. Many studies investigating the molecular and cellular impact of WBRT have used rodent models. However, there has not been a rodent protocol comparable to the recently reported Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocol for WBRT with hippocampal avoidance (HA) which is intended to spare cognitive function.