Actin filaments in paramyxovirus-infected human fibroblasts studied by indirect immunofluorescence.

Fibroblasts growing on glass have microfilaments arranged in bundles. These can be demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent technique using human antiactin serum or experimentally produced rabbit anti-actin serum. When monolayer cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts are infected with paramyxovirus, such as measles, mumps, Sendai and NDV, there is a striking decrease of the bundles.

Multiple sclerosis: local synthesis of electrophoretically restricted measles, rubella, mumps and herpes simplex virus antibodies in the central nervous system.

An imprint electroimmunofixation (IEIF) technique was used to study measles, rubella, mumps and herpes simplex virus antibodies in serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ten patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Electrophoretically restricted virus-specific antibodies were detected in sera or CSF from nine of the ten patients. Comparison of the antibody patterns in matching serum and CSF samples indicated that electrophoretically restricted populations of antibody against one or more of the four viruses were produced locally in the central nervous system of nine patients.

Demonstration of electrophoretically restricted virus-specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by imprint electroimmunofixation.

A sensitive technique for the electrophoretic characterization of virus-specific antibodies is described. Electrophoretically separated Ig is allowed to diffuse into a virus-antigen containing gel. The antibodies bound to viral antigen are then demonstrated by 125I-labelled rabbit antihuman Ig and autoradiography.

Electrophoresis of immunoglobulin G. Facilitated migration of minute amounts in agarose.

Migration of very small amounts of immunoglobulin (20 ng) is restricted in agarose electrophoresis. Incorporation of a stable protein matrix (rabbit gamma globulin 1 mg/ml) in the agarose permits unrestricted migration so that immunoelectrophoresis of this quantity of radiolabelled antibody is possible. Very small amounts of radiolabelled and non-radiolabelled antibody were subjected to successful crossed immunoelectrophoresis through barriers of antigen under conditions which provide favorable ratios of antibody to antigen.

Local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal measles virus antibodies and of smooth muscle antibodies in a case of atypical rheumatoid arthritis.

A patient with atypical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and local synovial synthesis of oligoclonal IgG in an arthritic knee joint is described. Measles virus-specific antibodies isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) were carried by oligoclonal IgG proteins but constituted only a fraction of the total oligoclonal IgG of the SF. Smooth muscle antibodies were markedly increased in the SF compared with the serum and were associated with an electrophoretically restricted fraction of IgG.

Single radial immunodiffusion test for detecting antibodies against surface antigens of intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus.

Antibodies to surface antigens of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and in limited studies extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) were determined by single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) with immobilized virions in agarose gels. Antibodies to INV were demonstrable in rabbit hyperimmune sera (one to four visible zones), smallpox convalescent sera and sera from re-vaccinated individuals. A difference in specificity of antibodies reacting with INV and EEV was detectable by SRDT.

New tests for characterization of mumps virus antibodies: hemolysis inhibition, single radial immunodiffusion with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption.

Hemolysis inhibition (HLI), single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption tests were used for measuring antibodies against mumps virus. Rabbit hyperimmune sera against mumps and early and late human convalescent sera were analyzed. All three tests identified antibodies against both hemagglutinin and the second major envelope component, hemolysin (fusion factor).

IgG1 subclass restriction of oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

A restriction to the IgG1 subclass was demonstrated for measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from the sera of five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, from the cerebrospinal fluid of one of the patients, and from brain extract from a sixth patient. A predominance of IgG1 was also observed in measles antibodies isolated from the serum and brain extract of a patient with multiple sclerosis. Evidence is presented that the IgG1 restriction is associated with the occurrence of oligoclonal measles antibodies in these patients.

Immunopathologic processes in chronic viral diseases.

Immune complex disease is frequently associated with chronic virus infections of both animals and man. The relative pathogenetic significance of tissue injury caused by deposition of immune complexes is only partly understood. Further study should be made of these problems through use of recently developed techniques for immune complex identification.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) agent in hamsters.

A hamster-adapted SSPE agent was shown to cause a productive infection in weanling hamster brain, which changed to a cell-associated or defective infection coincident with the appearance of measles antibodies in serum. Antibodies to measles hemagglutinin, hemolysin and neucleocapsid antigens developed in serum, which also contained neutralizing activity for regular measles virus. The agent recovered from the brains prior to the appearance of serum antibodies was infectious in cell-free media, capable of rapidly destroying Vero-cell cultures and able to progressively destroy primary hamster brain cultures.

Homologous interference induced by a temperature-sensitive mutant derived from an HVJ (Sendai virus) carrier culture.

Homologous interference between a temperature-sensitive small plaque mutant (HVJ-pB) derived from an HVJ (haemagglutinating virus of Japan - the Sendai strain of parainfluenza I virus) carrier culture of BHK cells and the original wild-type virus (HVJ-W) has been investigated. Prior infection of LLCMK2, HeLa, BHK or mouse L cells with HVJ-pB, both at permissive and non-permissive temperatures, for 24 h resulted in a reduced yield of superinfecting HVJ-W, reflecting a smaller number of cells capable of producing the superinfecting virus. However, HVJ-pB did not interfere with the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus or Newcastle disease virus.

Presence of haemagglutinin in the envelope of extracellular vaccinia virus particles.

The relationship of vaccinia haemagglutinin (HA) to extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) was examined. EEV banded in caesium chloride gradients at a density of 1.23 to 1.

Evaluation of an immunodiffusion test for screening of rubella immunity.

Rubella antigen obtained by treatment with a mild neutral detergent (Brij-58) of rubella virus infected SIRC cells gave two lines of precipitate in a modified Ouchterlony test (ID), using sera collected during convalescence after rubella. One strong line was obtained with positive sera and sometimes one thin line as well. The presence of at least one line was taken as indicator of rubella immunity.

Measles vaccination. VIII. The occurrence of antibodies against virus envelope components after immunization with inactivated vaccine. Effects of revaccination with live measles vaccine.

Children immunized with 4 doses of formalin-inactivated vaccine and/or purified hemagglutinin prepared from Tween 80-ether (TE) treated material were subjected to a follow-up 8-9 years after the last dose of vaccine. 11 out of 27 children had clinical and/or serological signs of infections with wild measles virus during the 8 to 9 years post-booster period. 10 out of the 11 children with infections had non-hemagglutinating-inhibiting (HI) hemolysis-inhibiting (HLI) antibodies demonstrable in their sera after removal of HI antibodies by absorption with TE antigen.

Transient appearance of oligoclonal immunoglobulins and measles virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in a case of acute measles encephalitis.

Acute measles encephalitis with severe sequelae in a 25-year-old man was studied. A transient appearance of oligoclonal IgG in cerebrospinal fluid and of intrathecally produced measles antibodies was found during 2 months after the onset of the disease. On the basis of this finding of local hyperimmunization it is proposed that in the case studied the measles virus infection may have been directly responsible for the disease process in the central nervous system.

Immunoglobulin abnormalities and measles antibody response in chronic myelopathy.

Patients with chronic myelopathy of unknown origin were separated into two groups on the basis of presence or absence of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G (lgG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Thirty-nine of 48 patients (81%) with oligoclonal lgG in CSF had measles virus antibodies in the CSF and 31 (65%) showed reduced serum/CSF measles virus antibody ratios, in comparison with the corresponding ratios of adenovirus, group-specific, penton hemagglutination-enhancement and poliovirus neutralization-enhancement antibodies. Of 25 patients with myelopathy, but without oligoclonal lgG in their CSF, three had detectable titers of measles CSF antibodies and one of these had a greatly reduced serum/CSF ratio.

Adenoviridae.

The elevation of the genus Adenovirus to a family named Adenoviridae is described. This family at the present stage contains two genera, mammalian adenoviruses--Mastadenovirus--and avian adenoviruses--Aviadenovirus. The two genera are separated primarily on the basis of difference in immunological properties of the virions.

Measles vaccination.

Prevention of measles poses different problems in developed and developing countries. In developed countries the risk of late complications following the use of live vaccine should be further evaluated; additional attempst might also be made to create new types of inactivated vaccine. In developing countries the introduction of live measles vaccine should be given high priority.

Oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from cerebrospinal fluids, brain extracts, and sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis.

Measles virus-specific antibodies were isolated from sera, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and brain extracts of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by absorption with measles antigens and subsequent acid elution of the antigen-antibody precipitates. Electrophoretically homogeneous measles antibodies were isolated from CSF or brain extracts in five patients with SSPE and in five out of seven patients with MS. Homogeneous IgG antibodies were also demonstrated in the sera from all SSPE patients and from three of the MS patients.

Measles virus-induced migration inhibition of human leukocytes in vitro: an expression of cell-mediated immunity?

Attempts were made to establish measles virus-induced migration inhibition of human leukocytes as an in vitro test of cell-mediated immunity to the virus. Crude material from cell cultures infected with two different strains of measles virus was used as antigen in the capillary modification of the test. Both virus preparations induced migration inhibition.