Dark Field Microscopy-Based Biosensors for the Detection of in Environmental Water Samples.

Development of sensitive methods for the determination of bacteria contamination in water distribution systems is of paramount importance to ensure the microbial safety of drinking water. This work presents a new sensing platform enabling the fast detection of bacteria in field samples by using specific antibodies as the biorecognition element and dark field microscopy as the detection technique. The development of the sensing platform was performed using non-pathogenic bacteria, with the DH5α strain as the target, and 9727 as the negative control.

A tutorial for analysing the cost-effectiveness of alternative methods for assessing chemical toxicity: the case of acute oral toxicity prediction.

Compared with traditional animal methods for toxicity testing, in vitro and in silico methods are widely considered to permit a more cost-effective assessment of chemicals. However, how to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative methods has remained unclear. This paper offers a user-oriented tutorial for applying cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to alternative (non-animal) methods.

Automation of an in vitro cytotoxicity assay used to estimate starting doses in acute oral systemic toxicity tests.

Application of High Throughput Screening (HTS) to the regulatory safety assessment of chemicals is still in its infancy but shows great promise in terms of facilitating better understanding of toxicological modes-of-action, reducing the reliance on animal testing, and allowing more data-poor chemicals to be assessed at a reasonable cost. To promote the uptake and acceptance of HTS approaches, we describe in a stepwise manner how a well known cytotoxicity assay can be automated to increase throughput while maintaining reliability. Results generated with selected reference chemicals compared very favourably with data obtained from a previous international validation study concerning the prediction of acute systemic toxicity in rodents.

Absorption of irrigating fluid during percutaneous transrenal lithotripsy.

Twenty-eight patients who underwent percutaneous lithotripsy with isotonic mannitol solution as the irrigating fluid were studied. Intraoperative intravenous and total absorption of irrigating fluid was estimated from postoperative analyses of plasma and urinary concentrations of mannitol. Most operating times were short and only minor fluid absorption was recorded.

A comparison between intermittent and continuous transurethral resection of the prostate.

123 transurethral resections of the prostate were studied. The operations were randomized to either continuous or intermittent technique. The first 64 operations were performed using an irrigating fluid pressure head of 65 cm (measured from the top of the operating table).

A comparison between two hypotonic irrigating solutions used in transurethral resections of the prostate: sorbitol (2%)-mannitol (1%) and 1.5% glycine solutions.

Two hypotonic but non-haemolysing irrigating solutions, sorbitol-mannitol (2% + 1%) and glycine (1.5%), were compared in 40 TURP cases using a continuous resection technique. Ethanol (1%) was added to the irrigating fluid as a marker to make possible early detection of fluid absorption by breath analysis.

Water and electrolytes in muscle tissue and free amino acids in muscle and plasma in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate. II. Isotonic 2.2% glycine solution as an irrigating fluid.

Seventeen patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate using isotonic 2.2% glycine solution as an irrigating fluid were studied. The extra- and intracellular distribution of water, the total content of water, and the concentrations of electrolytes and free amino acids in muscle tissue were determined together with the concentrations of free amino acids in plasma preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively in two groups with separate sampling periods.

Water and electrolytes in muscle tissue and free amino acids in muscle and plasma in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate. I. Distilled water as an irrigating fluid.

10 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate using sterile distilled water as an irrigating fluid were studied. The extra- and intracellular distribution of water, the total content of water and electrolytes and the free amino acid concentrations in muscle tissue were determined together with the concentrations of free amino acids in plasma preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and 2 hours postoperatively. The content of water and concentrations of electrolytes in skeletal muscle did not change significantly from the preoperative to the postoperative period with the exception of the potassium concentration, which decreased 2 hours postoperatively.

Transurethral resection of the prostate. A review of 1111 cases.

A review of 1111 transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) revealed a mortality of 0.5% (6 patients). A stricture frequency of 3% was observed as a complication after the operation.

Testicular hydrocele treated by bismuth phosphate injection.

Thirty-eight testicular hydroceles were treated by injection with 0.2-0.4 g of bismuth phosphate.

Absence of lactate accumulation on transurethral resection of the prostate using 2.5% sorbitol solution as an irrigating fluid.

19 patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate were studied. During transurethral resection of the prostate, 2.5% sorbitol solution was used as an irrigating fluid.

Absorption and elimination of mannitol solution when used as an isotonic irrigating agent in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate.

12 patients were studied in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate using the intermittent technique and isotonic 5% mannitol solution as an irrigating fluid. No diuretics were given postoperatively. The serum creatinine concentrations were normal in 10 patients and slightly elevated in 2.

Experience with hypotonic 2.5% sorbitol solution as an irrigating fluid in transurethral resection of the prostate.

19 patients were studied in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate using the intermittent technique and hypotonic 2.5% sorbitol solution as an irrigating fluid. No diuretics were given postoperatively.

Plasma haemoglobin concentrations and other influx variables in blood in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate using distilled water as an irrigating fluid.

Eight patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using sterile distilled water as an irrigating fluid were studied. The concentrations of plasma haemoglobin, serum sodium, serum prostatic acid phosphatase protein (PAP) and plasma osmolality were determined as possible indicators of absorption of irrigating fluid. In 3 patients there was a marked increase in plasma haemoglobin immediately postoperatively with a maximum of 3.

Glycine solution as an irrigating agent during transurethral prostatic resection. Glycine concentrations in blood plasma.

In 17 men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), an isosmotic solution of 2.2% glycine was used for irrigation. The plasma glycine concentration was determined before and immediately after TURP and 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours later.

Influence of various irrigation fluids on serum enzyme patterns following transurethral resection of the prostate.

Serum levels of a variety of enzymes were determined preoperatively and repeatedly postoperatively in a comprehensive biochemical study of 60 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). These patients were divided into four groups depending on the type of fluid used for irrigation during TURP. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP, analysed by radio-immunoassay) in serum showed a marked postoperative increase but wide inter-individual variation in all groups.

Mannitol concentrations in blood plasma in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate using mannitol solution as an irrigating fluid.

Thirteen patients undergoing transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) using iso-osmolar 5% mannitol as an irrigating fluid were studied. Mannitol was determined in serum (plasma), as were sodium, prostatic acid phosphatase protein (PAP) and osmolality as probable indicators of absorption of irrigating fluid. The plasma level of mannitol (mean 2.

Sorbitol concentrations in plasma in connection with transurethral resection of the prostate using sorbitol solution as an irrigating fluid.

20 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using 5% sorbitol (N = 13) or Cytosol (N = 7) (5% sorbitol and 0.25% acetic acid) as an irrigating fluid were studied. The sorbitol concentration was determined in serum (plasma), as were sodium, prostatic acid phosphatase protein (PAP) and osmolality, as possible indicators of absorption of irrigating fluid.

Isotonic solutions of mannitol, sorbitol and glycine and distilled water as irrigating fluids during transurethral resection of the prostate and calculation of irrigating fluid influx.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical properties of some irrigating fluids used in transurethral resection of the prostate, to study humoral changes and disposition of the various fluids and solutes on intravenous absorption and, finally, to draw conclusions concerning a suitable composition of irrigation fluid. 60 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate were included in the study. Plasma concentrations of mannitol, sorbitol and glycine were determined (during and after operation) as indicators of intravenous irrigation fluid influx.

Concealed haematuria--whence cometh the bleeding? A new method of localisation.

Concealed haematuria is often a difficult diagnostic problem. A method for collecting isolated urine specimens from different areas of the urinary tract and subjecting them to quantitative analysis for RBCs is described. A more accurate localisation of the source of bleeding with, in the upper urinary tract, side differentiation, is thus possible.

Estramustine versus conventional estrogenic hormones in the initial treatment of highly or moderately differentiated prostatic carcinoma. A randomized study.

In a prospective randomized multicenter trial patients with highly or moderately differentiated prostatic carcinoma, previously untreated, were allotted either to oral Estramustine phosphate or to intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate plus oral ethinyl estradiol. As regards frequency and duration of tumour remission there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Nor did they differ significantly with respect to adverse reactions.

Uroliathiasis with primary hyperparathyroidism. A one-year screening.

A one-year material of 290 patients with clinically verified urolithiasis was screened for primary hyperparthyroidism, by X-ray examination, analysis of calculi, plasma calcium and phosphate, plasma parathyroid hormone and a clinical history examination. Primary hyperparathyroidism was found in 10 patients, 8 with adenomas and 2 with hyperplasia. The results suggest that with the present policy of investigation, there is a considerable underdiagnosis of parathyroid changes in patients with urolithiasis.

Complications of transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate.

Four cases of coli-sepsis, one with a fatal outcome have been observed after more than 14 000 transrectal aspiration biopsies (TAB) of the prostate performed at Karolinska Sjukhuset with Franzén's apparatus. A few cases of transient febrile reaction and urinary contamination after TAB of the prostate have also been recognised. One of the patients with sepsis and two with febrile reactions belonged to a relatively small group of patients referred from the Department of Rheumatology.