Factors affecting the post-operative over-constraint after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Objective: Initial tension at graft fixation is one of key factors for good outcomes in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Identifying the pre-operative factors that influence postoperative knee laxity under the anterior tibial load is useful in determining the initial tension at graft fixation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pre-operative factors affecting the side-to-side difference in anterior laxity immediately after the anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with a constant initial tension.

The effect of cortical button location on its post-operative migration in anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of EndoButton (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA, USA) location on post-operative migration in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods: Seventy-seven patients underwent anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction using EndoButtons. Comparing patient radiographs immediately post-operatively with those at 1 year, migration was defined when EndoButtons moved more than 1 mm or rotated over 5°.

Immediate postoperative anterior knee stability: double- versus triple-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the triple-bundle (TB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with the double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction in immediate postoperative anterior knee stability.

Methods: This study involved 133 patients who had undergone the anatomic ACL reconstruction with autogenous hamstring tendon unilaterally. Then 83 patients (mean age, 28.

In vivo graft tension in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during active leg-raising motion with the knee splinted.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the in vivo graft tension in anatomic 2-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction during active leg-raising exercise with the knee immobilized.

Methods: Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction was performed with autogenous semitendinosus tendons in 7 patients while under general anesthesia. Two grafts were fixed with 2 EndoButton-CL devices (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) on the femur and were temporarily fixed to 2 tension-adjustable force gauges on the anterior tibial cortex.

Migration of EndoButton after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) assess the migration of EndoButtons (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) with or without tissue interposition by comparing the radiographs obtained immediately after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and those obtained during the follow-up period and (2) investigate the effect of tissue interposition or migration of EndoButtons on the clinical outcomes.

Methods: One hundred one patients underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction with EndoButtons for femoral fixation. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken immediately postoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year.

Effect of patient age on morphology of anterior cruciate ligament grafts at second-look arthroscopy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of patient age on the morphology of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft after ACL reconstruction, as well as to investigate the relation between morphology and clinical outcomes.

Methods: Anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction by use of autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft was performed in 193 patients. Of these, 102 patients (51 male and 51 female patients) had consented to undergo second-look arthroscopy at the time of hardware removal within 2 years of ACL reconstruction.

Anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendons with minimally required initial tension.

Purpose: Our purpose was to clarify the clinical outcomes at 2 years after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with 20 N of the initial tension, which was the minimally required initial tension to perform the reconstruction successfully according to our previous report about the pre-tension necessary to restore the laxity found in the opposite knee (7.3 N; range, 2.2 to 14 N).

Graft tension during active knee extension exercise in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure graft tension in vivo in anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction during active knee extension, as well as to investigate the effect of loading a weight around the ankle on graft tension.

Methods: Seven patients with chronic ACL injury underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction. Two grafts were temporarily fixed to the 2 tension-adjustable force gauges on the anterior tibial cortex, after they were fixed on the femur.

Anatomical two-bundle versus Rosenberg's isometric bi-socket ACL reconstruction: a biomechanical comparison in laxity match pretension.

It is not well known how much tension should be applied to ACL graft at the time of graft fixation. As a step to determine the optimal initial tension, it is indispensable to know the graft tension to restore normal anterior-posterior (A-P) laxity (laxity match pretension, LMP). The objective was to determine the LMP in ACL reconstruction for the anatomical two-bundle technique and for the Rosenberg's isometric bi-socket one, and to compare these two techniques in LMP.

Force sharing between two grafts in the anatomical two-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

The normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can be generally divided into two main bundles, anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB), and each bundle shared its function in response to external loads including anterior tibial drawer force. While we developed the anatomically oriented ACL reconstruction technique via two femoral tunnels and two parallel tibial tunnels (the "anatomical" two-bundle ACL reconstruction), there were few biomechanical studies about this technique. The purpose of this study was to investigate the force sharing between two separate grafts (anteromedial graft, AMG; posterolateral graft, PLG) in this anatomical two-bundle technique by measuring the force of each bundle in response to anterior tibial load.