α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation Modulates BV2 Microglial Plasticity via miR-21/TNF-α/NFκB in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation.

Elevated inflammatory reactions are a significant component in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Activation of α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (α7nAChR) reduces stroke-induced inflammation in rats, but the anti-inflammatory pathway in microglia under CIRI condition remains unclear. This study employed qRT-PCR, protein assays, NanoString analysis, and bioinformatics to examine the effects of PNU282987 treatment (α7nAChR agonist) on BV2 microglial functional differentiation in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGDR) condition.

Introduction of a single-nucleotide variant, rs16851030, into the gene increased cellular susceptibility to hypoxia.

Rs16851030, a single-nucleotide variant located in the 3'-untranslated region of the gene, has been proposed as a potential marker of caffeine sensitivity in apnea of prematurity. Besides, it is associated with aspirin-induced asthma and the development of acute chest syndrome. However, its functional significance is still unconfirmed.

Understanding methiopropamine, a new psychoactive substance: an in-depth review on its chemistry, pharmacology and implications to human health.

Methiopropamine or 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane (MPA) is a thiophene ring-based structural analogue of methamphetamine, first synthesized in 1942 but become popular when it started to be available for purchase on websites selling 'legal highs' since 2010. While it is legally controlled in many countries, it remains readily accessible and frequently encountered in recreational settings. The growing prevalence of MPA use results in new therapeutic challenges.

The Promises and Pitfalls of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Stem Cells.

Stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are growing in importance in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. The applications of CRISPR-based gene editing to create a mélange of disease and nondisease stem cell lines have further enhanced the utility of this innately versatile group of cells in the studies of human genetic disorders. Precise base edits can be achieved using a variety of CRISPR-centric approaches, particularly homology-directed repair and the recently developed base editors and prime editors.

CRISPR Gene-Editing Models Geared Toward Therapy for Hereditary and Developmental Neurological Disorders.

Hereditary or developmental neurological disorders (HNDs or DNDs) affect the quality of life and contribute to the high mortality rates among neonates. Most HNDs are incurable, and the search for new and effective treatments is hampered by challenges peculiar to the human brain, which is guarded by the near-impervious blood-brain barrier. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR), a gene-editing tool repurposed from bacterial defense systems against viruses, has been touted by some as a panacea for genetic diseases.

Induction of cell death and modulation of Annexin A1 by phytoestrogens in human leukemic cell lines.

Background: Phytoestrogens are polyphenolic plant compounds which are structurally similar to the endogenous mammalian estrogen, 17β-estradiol. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an endogenous protein which inhibits -oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and phospholipase A2, signal transduction, DNA replication, cell transformation, and mediation of apoptosis.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of selected phytoestrogens on annexin A1 (ANXA1) expression, mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest in different human leukemic cell lines.

Phyllanthus amarus prevents LPS-mediated BV2 microglial activation via MyD88 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Background: Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peripheral inflammation but similar studies in the central nervous system are scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 80% ethanol extract of P. amarus (EPA) in LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells.

Neuroprotection of Tropical Fruit Juice Mixture via the Reduction of iNOS Expression and CRH Level in -Amyloid-Induced Rats Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

This study aimed to determine the effects of tropical fruit juice mixture (pomegranate, white guava, and Roselle) on biochemical, behavioral, and histopathological changes of -amyloid- (A-) induced rats. Formulation 8 (F8) of tropical fruit juice mixture was chosen for this present study due to its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Forty Wistar male rats were divided into five groups: dPBS (sham-operated control), dA (A control), JPBS (F8 and PBS), JA (F8 and A), and IBFA (ibuprofen and A).

Evaluation of phytoestrogens in inducing cell death mediated by decreasing Annexin A1 in Annexin A1-knockdown leukemia cells.

Background: Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that are structurally similar to estrogen and that possess anti-cancer properties. Previous studies have reported that coumestrol, daidzein and genistein could induce cell death by reducing Annexin A1 protein in leukemic cell lines. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is involved in cell progression, metastasis, and apoptosis in several types of cancer cells.

Phyllanthus amarus protects against spatial memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. and Thonn. is a wide spread medicinal herb with various traditional uses.

Protective Effects of Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Rats.

(PA) is widely studied for its hepatoprotective properties but has recently received increasing attention due to its diverse anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of PA in modulating immune responses in the central nervous system leading to protection against functional changes remain unexplored. Therefore, we sought to examine the protective effects of 80% v/v ethanol extract of PA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced non-spatial memory impairment and neuroinflammation.

Potential roles of 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) antagonists in modulating the effects of nicotine.

5-HTR antagonists such as ondansetron, granisetron and tropisetron have been clinically used to treat nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients. However, current study and research revealed novel potentials of these ligands in other diseases like inflammation, Alzheimer's, and drug abuse. Towards utilising these drugs as anti-smoking agents to treat nicotine dependence problem, there are conflicting reports regarding the potential of these ligands in modulating the effects of nicotine in both human and animal behavioural studies.

Acute oral toxicity and biodistribution study of zinc-aluminium-levodopa nanocomposite.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is an inorganic-organic nano-layered material that harbours drug between its two-layered sheets, forming a sandwich-like structure. It is attracting a great deal of attention as an alternative drug delivery (nanodelivery) system in the field of pharmacology due to their relative low toxic potential. The production of these nanodelivery systems, aimed at improving human health through decrease toxicity, targeted delivery of the active compound to areas of interest with sustained release ability.

Effects of a neurotensin analogue (PD149163) and antagonist (SR142948A) on the scopolamine-induced deficits in a novel object discrimination task.

Various lines of evidence suggest a role in cognition for the endogenous neuropeptide, neurotensin, involving an interaction with the central nervous system cholinergic pathways. A preliminary study has shown that central administration of neurotensin enhances spatial and nonspatial working memory in the presence of scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist which induces memory deficits. Utilizing similar methods, the present study employed a two-trial novel object discrimination task to determine the acute effect of a neurotensin peptide analogue with improved metabolic stability, PD149163, on recognition memory in Lister hooded rats.