Reappraising 21 years of the WHI study: Putting the findings in context for clinical practice.

Menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) is recommended for the management of menopause symptoms. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) placebo-controlled randomised study examined the effects of continuous combined or estrogen-only MHT on the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in post-menopausal women. The study was terminated prematurely after an interim analysis showed an increased risk of breast cancer diagnosis, which led to a rapid decrease in MHT use worldwide.

The Role of Immunity in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and in the Protection Generated by COVID-19 Vaccines in Different Age Groups.

This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period.

A Summary of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Technologies Available or under Development.

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been in a race to develop vaccines that can control the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 250 projects have been initiated for this purpose, but only 14 of them have been authorized for use, despite being in phase 3 clinical trials. More than 40 other vaccines are also in phase 1/2 clinical trials and show promising outcomes.