Beyond the Diagnosis of Group IV Pulmonary Hypertension: Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Mimickers.

We present 3 patients with similar clinical presentation of group IV pulmonary hypertension but with totally different diagnoses. This case series highlights the need to keep a broad differential diagnosis and to utilize more diverse imaging modalities for the diagnosis of group IV pulmonary hypertension. ().

Recurrent Brachiocephalic Vein Stenosis as a Cause for Persistent Left-sided Transudative Pleural Effusion in a Hemodialysis Patient.

Background: Effusion is common in dialysis patients. The most common causes include fluid overload due to renal failure and nonrenal causes like congestive heart failure and infection. We here report a case of left side transudative effusion due to brachiocephalic venous stenosis.