A review on reactive oxygen species generation, anode materials and operating parameters in sonoelectrochemical oxidation for wastewater remediation.

The application of sonoelectrochemical (SEC) oxidation technique involving the incorporation of ultrasound irradiation into an electrochemical oxidation system has found enormous success for various purposes, especially for organic synthesis and water treatment. Although its industrial application towards the removal of organic contaminants in water is not popular, its success on the laboratory scale is often attributed to the physical and chemical effects. These effects arise from the influence of ultrasound irradiation, thus eliminating electrode passivation or fouling, improving mass transfer and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.

Hyperbranched-Polyethylenimine-Functionalized Coal Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium and Reuse as a Dye Photocatalyst.

Coal fly ash (CFA) has been extensively researched as an adsorbent for heavy metals, but its application is limited by its low adsorption capacity. The modification of CFA with hyperbranched polymers results in improved adsorption capacities. Hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) is a hyperbranched polymer containing NH groups that can bind with heavy metal ions through complexation or electrostatic interactions.

Sonoelectrochemical oxidation of sulfamethoxazole in simulated and actual wastewater on a piezo-polarizable FTO/BaZr TiO electrode: reaction kinetics, mechanism and reaction pathway studies.

The sonoelectrochemical (SEC) oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in simulated and actual wastewater on FTO/BaZrTiO, FTO/BaZrTiO and FTO/BaTiO electrodes is hereby presented. Electrodes from piezo-polarizable BaZrTiO, BaZrTiO, and BaTiO materials were prepared by immobilizing these materials on fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO) glass. Electrochemical characterization performed on the electrodes using chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques revealed that the FTO/BaZrTiO anode displayed the highest sonocurrent density response of 2.

The application of photoelectrocatalysis in the degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solutions: a review.

The pollution of the water environment by industrial effluents is an ongoing challenge due to the rate of industrialisation and globalisation. Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), an electrochemical advanced oxidation process, has proven to be an effective method for removing organics from wastewater. Photoelectrocatalysis is environmentally benign, cost-effective and easy to operate.

Thin Films (FTO/BaTiO/AgNPs) for Enhanced Piezo-Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Ciprofloxacin in Wastewater.

In this study, we investigate the ability of barium titanate/silver nanoparticles (BaTiO/AgNPs) composites deposited on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass using tape-casting method to produce piezoelectric thin film (FTO/BaTiO/AgNPs) for piezocatalytic, photocatalytic, and piezo-photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in wastewater. The prepared piezoelectric materials (BaTiO and BaTiO/AgNPs) were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, UV-DRS, TGA, PL, BET, EIS, and chronoamperometry. The UV-DRS showed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of BaTiO at a wavelength of 505 nm.

Design of New Schiff-Base Copper(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, DFT Study, and Binding Potency toward Cytochrome P450 3A4.

We report the synthesis and crystal structures of three new copper(II) Schiff-base complexes. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-visible spectroscopies. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that complexes and crystallize in a monoclinic space group 2/ and in a triclinic space group 1̅, each adopting a square planar geometry around the metal center.

Carbon Nanodots Embedded on a Polyethersulfone Membrane for Cadmium(II) Removal from Water.

Cadmium(II) is a toxic heavy metal in aquatic systems. As a potential solution, green carbon nanodots (CNDs) were synthesized from oats and embedded on polyethersulfone membrane (PES) via phase inversion for the adsorption of Cd from water. Characterization techniques for the CNDs and PES membranes were transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle and a pure water flux assessment system operated at 300 kPa.

Interrogating solar photoelectrocatalysis on an exfoliated graphite-BiVO/ZnO composite electrode towards water treatment.

A novel photoanode consisting of an exfoliated graphite-BiVO/ZnO heterostructured nanocomposite was fabricated. The material was characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photoelectrochemical studies were carried out with cyclic/linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry.

An Exfoliated Graphite-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor on a Dendrimer/Carbon Nanodot Platform for the Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cancer Biomarker.

An electrochemical immunosensor for the quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using a nanocomposite of polypropylene imine dendrimer (PPI) and carbon nanodots (CNDTs) on an exfoliated graphite electrode (EG) is reported. The carbon nanodots were prepared by pyrolysis of oats. The nanocomposites (PPI and CNDTs) were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Towards cancer diagnostics - an α-feto protein electrochemical immunosensor on a manganese(iv) oxide/gold nanocomposite immobilisation layer.

A novel electrochemical immunosensor for the quantification of α-feto protein (AFP) using a nanocomposite of manganese(iv) oxide nanorods (MnONRs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the immobilisation layer is presented. The MnONRs was synthesised using a hydrothermal method and AuNPs were electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode surface. The MnONRs were characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).

Photoelectrocatalytic application of palladium decorated zinc oxide-expanded graphite electrode for the removal of 4-nitrophenol: experimental and computational studies.

A novel Pd-ZnO-expanded graphite (EG) photoelectrode was constructed from a Pd-ZnO-EG nanocomposite synthesised by a hydrothermal method and characterised using various techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Cyclic voltammetry and photocurrent response measurements were also carried out on the electrode. The Pd-ZnO-EG electrode was employed in the photoelectrocatalytic removal of 4-nitrophenol as a target water pollutant at a neutral pH and with a current density of 7 mA cm.

Electrochemical co-detection of As(III), Hg(II) and Pb(II) on a bismuth modified exfoliated graphite electrode.

The applicability of a bismuth modified exfoliated graphite (EG) electrode for the co-detection of heavy metal ions -As(III), Hg(II) and Pb(II)-in water samples using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) is reported. Bismuth nanoparticles were deposited on an EG electrode potentiostatically at -1000mV for 300s to form EG-Bi electrode. The Bi modified EG electrode was characterised in 5mM ferrocene and used to as an electrochemical sensor for Pb(II) and Hg(II) individually in 0.