Identification and Characterization of Two Aryl Sulfotransferases from Deep-Sea Marine Fungi and Their Implications in the Sulfation of Secondary Metabolites.

Sulfation plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of small molecules, regulatory mechanisms such as hormone signaling, and detoxification processes (phase II enzymes). The sulfation reaction is catalyzed by a broad family of enzymes known as sulfotransferases (SULTs), which have been extensively studied in animals due to their medical importance, but also in plant key processes. Despite the identification of some sulfated metabolites in fungi, the mechanisms underlying fungal sulfation remain largely unknown.

Occurrence of the two major regulated mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, in cereal and cereal-based products in Europe and toxicological effects: A review.

Among cereal contaminants, mycotoxins are of concern due to their importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies on the fact that the effects are most often subclinical for chronic exposure and the most common scenario is multi-contamination by various toxins. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is a major food safety concern as additive or even synergic toxic impacts may occur, but also regarding current regulations as they mainly concern individual mycotoxin levels in specific foods and feed in the food chain.

Cytotoxic Effects of Major and Emerging Mycotoxins on HepaRG Cells and Transcriptomic Response after Exposure of Spheroids to Enniatins B and B1.

Mycotoxins, produced by fungi, frequently occur at different stages in the food supply chain between pre- and postharvest. Globally produced cereal crops are known to be highly susceptible to contamination, thus constituting a major public health concern. Among the encountered mycotoxigenic fungi in cereals, spp.

Fuzzy Model for the Automatic Recognition of Human Dendritic Cells.

Nowadays, foodborne illness is considered one of the most outgrowing diseases in the world, and studies show that its rate increases sharply each year. Foodborne illness is considered a public health problem which is caused by numerous factors, such as food intoxications, allergies, intolerances, etc. Mycotoxin is one of the food contaminants which is caused by various species of molds (or fungi), which, in turn, causes intoxications that can be chronic or acute.

Innovative approaches to toxicological investigations of mycotoxins effects.

Among the potential contaminants, mycotoxins are of particular concern due to the importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies in the fact that the effects are subclinical, and that multicontamination by various toxins is the most common scenario. The co-occurrence of these mycotoxins raises questions concerning both food safety and regulation.

Dairy associations for the targeted control of opportunistic Candida.

Antifungal and antibacterial activities of twenty-six combinations of lactic acid bacteria, propionibacteria, acetic acid bacteria and dairy yeasts inoculated in whey and milk were investigated. Associations including acetic acid bacteria were shown to suppress growth of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans in well-diffusion assays. The protective effect of milk fermented with the two most promising consortia was confirmed in Caco-2 cell culture infected with C.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Activities of Halophyte Extracts against Mycotoxin Intoxication.

Twelve halophyte species belonging to different families, widely represented along French Atlantic shoreline and commonly used in traditional medicine, were screened for protective activities against mycotoxins, in order to set out new promising sources of natural ingredients for feed applications. Selected halophytic species from diverse natural habitats were examined for their in vitro anti-mycotoxin activities, through viability evaluation of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) and intestinal porcine enterocyte (IPEC-J2) cell lines. Besides, the in vitro antioxidant activities of plant extracts were assessed (total antioxidant and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging bioassays).

Automatic Human Dendritic Cells Segmentation Using K-Means Clustering and Chan-Vese Active Contour Model.

Background And Objective: Nowadays, the number of pathologies related to food are multiplied. Mycotoxins are one of the most severe food contaminants that cause serious effects on the human health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an assessment tool for evaluating their impact on the immune response.

Effect of Penicillium roqueforti mycotoxins on Caco-2 cells: Acute and chronic exposure.

Penicillium roqueforti is a common food and feed contaminant. However, it is also worldwide renowned for its use as a technological culture responsible for the typicity of blue-veined cheese. Members of the P.

In vitro co-culture models to evaluate acute cytotoxicity of individual and combined mycotoxin exposures on Caco-2, THP-1 and HepaRG human cell lines.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxins primarily produced by Fusarium species and commonly co-occur in European grains. Some in vitro studies reported synergistic combined effects on cell viability reduction for these two natural food contaminants. However, most of these studies were carried out on conventional cell culture systems involving only one cell type and thus did not include cell-cell communication that is closer to in vivo conditions.

Hepatotoxicity of fusariotoxins, alone and in combination, towards the HepaRG human hepatocyte cell line.

While the reality of mycotoxin co-occurrence in food commodities is now established, their effects in mixtures are not well studied. The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and moniliformin (MON) fusariotoxins on cell viability and cell death mechanisms in proliferating HepaRG cells, a human derived liver cell line. In addition, DON-ZEA being one of the most widespread mycotoxin mixtures in grains worldwide, its effect on the expression levels of genes encoding for sets of hepatocyte-specific functions was studied.

Individual and combined toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on human hepatocytes in in vitro chronic exposure conditions.

While numerous surveys highlighted the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food, data about their toxicological combined effects is still limited. This is especially the case for chronic exposure conditions, although the latter are more representative of the mycotoxin risk associated with food consumption than acute exposure. In the present study, cell viability and gene expression levels of relevant hepatocyte-specific functions were evaluated for the HepaRG human liver cell line exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) and/or zearalenone (ZEA) during 14, 28 and 42days at three subtoxic concentrations corresponding to i) the determined average exposure dose of French adult population, ii) the tolerable daily intake established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee and iii) the maximum level permitted by the European regulation in cereals intended for direct human consumption.

Effects of fusariotoxin co-exposure on THP-1 human immune cells.

Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA), and moniliformin (MON) mycotoxins are common food and feed contaminants produced by Fusarium spp. However, while they are usually found to co-occur in a large range of commodities, only few data are available on mycotoxin co-exposure effects and cellular response mechanisms. In this study, the individual and combined toxic effects of these fusariotoxins were evaluated on the THP-1 human immune cell line as major fusariotoxins are mostly potent immunomodulators.

Antioxidant and selective anticancer activities of two Euphorbia species in human acute myeloid leukemia.

In this study, two Euphorbia species (i.e. terracina and paralias) were investigated for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

Action mechanisms involved in the bioprotective effect of Lactobacillus harbinensis K.V9.3.1.Np against Yarrowia lipolytica in fermented milk.

The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as bioprotective cultures can be an alternative to chemical preservatives or antibiotic to prevent fungal spoilage in dairy products. Among antifungal LAB, Lactobacillus harbinensis K.V9.

Screening for antimicrobial and proteolytic activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from cow, buffalo and goat milk and cheeses marketed in the southeast region of Brazil.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be isolated from different sources such as milk and cheese, and the lipolytic, proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes of LAB are important in cheese preservation and in flavour production. Moreover, LAB produce several antimicrobial compounds which make these bacteria interesting for food biopreservation. These characteristics stimulate the search of new strains with technological potential.

Influence of intraspecific variability and abiotic factors on mycotoxin production in Penicillium roqueforti.

Penicillium roqueforti has the ability to produce secondary metabolites, including roquefortine C (ROQC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA). In a previous study, the presence of these mycotoxins, alone or in co-occurrence, has been reported in blue-veined cheese. A high variability of mycotoxin content has also been observed, although the majority of samples exhibited relatively low concentrations.

Filamentous Fungi and Mycotoxins in Cheese: A Review.

Important fungi growing on cheese include Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Mucor, and Trichoderma. For some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort, molds are intentionally added. However, some contaminating or technological fungal species have the potential to produce undesirable metabolites such as mycotoxins.

Cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of cyclopiazonic acid on human cells.

In this study, in vitro cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was evaluated on human cells. To evaluate cytoxicity, several cellular targets were used (CD34+, monocytes, THP-1 and Caco-2). Monocytes were more sensitive to CPA than the THP-1 monocytic cell line after 48h of incubation in the tested conditions.