Developmental axon diameter growth of central nervous system axons does not depend on ensheathment or myelination by oligodendrocytes.

Myelination facilitates the rapid conduction of action potentials along axons. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelinated axons vary over 100-fold in diameter, with conduction speed scaling linearly with increasing diameter. Axon diameter and myelination are closely interlinked, with axon diameter exerting a strong influence on myelination.

Expanded Naloxone Distribution by Opioid Overdose Prevention Programs to High-Need Populations and Neighborhoods in New York City.

From 2014 to 2017, the drug overdose death rate per 100,000 in New York City (NYC) increased by 81%, with 57% of overdoses in 2017 involving the opioid fentanyl. In response, overdose education and naloxone dispensing (OEND) efforts were expanded in NYC, informed by neighborhood-level and population-level opioid overdose fatality rates. We describe the demographic and geographical distribution of naloxone by NYC opioid overdose prevention programs (OOPPs; the primary distributor of naloxone to laypersons in NYC) as OEND was expanded in NYC.

Characterisation of Cannabis glandular trichome development reveals distinct features of cannabinoid biosynthesis.

Cannabis trichome development progresses in distinct phases that underpin the dynamic biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenes. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying cannabinoid and terpenoid biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa (CsGTs) throughout their development. Female Cannabis sativa c.

Typical development of synaptic and neuronal properties can proceed without microglia in the cortex and thalamus.

Brain-resident macrophages, microglia, have been proposed to have an active role in synaptic refinement and maturation, influencing plasticity and circuit-level connectivity. Here we show that several neurodevelopmental processes previously attributed to microglia can proceed without them. Using a genetically modified mouse that lacks microglia (Csf1r), we find that intrinsic properties, synapse number and synaptic maturation are largely normal in the hippocampal CA1 region and somatosensory cortex at stages where microglia have been implicated.

Incidence of patient-reported fatigue developing on palbociclib and endocrine therapy for advanced HR+ HER2- breast cancer.

Objectives: Fatigue is a common nonhematologic toxicity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients with prevalence rates of clinician-rated all-grade and grade 3/4 fatigue of 39.2% and 2.5%, respectively.

Protocol for X-ray irradiation of C57BL/6J recipient mice followed by the transplantation of mTomato-expressing bone marrow cells.

Bone marrow chimera is a useful tool to determine the pathophysiological contributions of hematopoietic versus stromal compartments. Here, we present a protocol for lethal irradiation of wild-type C57BL/6J recipient mice followed by the transplantation of bone marrow from mTomato-expressing donors. We then detail procedures for animal distress scoring and assessment of reconstitution efficiency.

Bridging the critical gap between infectious disease blood donation screening and connection to healthcare services: the American Chagas disease example.

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) affects ~ 290,000 USA residents and is included in routine blood donation screening panels. Donors are notified of positive T. cruzi-screening results, deferred from donation, and given limited information for next steps.

Landscape and meteorological variables associated with and mosquito infestation in two southeastern U.S.A. coastal cities.

Human cases of arboviral disease transmitted by mosquitoes are increasing worldwide and spreading to new areas of the United States. These diseases continue to re-emerge, likely due to changes in vector ecology, urbanization, human migration, and larger range of climatic suitability. Recent shifts in landscape and weather variables are predicted to impact the habitat patterns of urban mosquitoes such as and .

Spatial dynamics of Culex quinquefasciatus abundance: geostatistical insights from Harris County, Texas.

Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant public health threat, prompting the need to pinpoint high-risk areas for targeted interventions and environmental control measures. Culex quinquefasciatus is the primary vector for several mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus. Using spatial analysis and modeling techniques, we investigated the geospatial distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus abundance in the large metropolis of Harris County, Texas, from 2020 to 2022.

Cardiometabolic Risk in Pediatric Patients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

Introduction: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) have been associated with high cardiometabolic risk in adults, but there is little data on youth. This study describes the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among pediatric patients with and without IDD receiving care in a large, primarily rural health system.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 6-17 years with an index visit from August 1, 2022, to July 31, 2023, at one of 44 primary care clinics in a Midwestern health system.

Illicit drug distribution: Evaluation of DNA transfer between ziplock bags and capsules.

Powders containing illicit substances are frequently poured into capsules and then distributed in small bags to users, often via intermediaries. We report on the transfer of DNA between individuals involved in making, packing, and transporting capsules within ziplock bags (ZLB) via two pathways, each using 10 ZLBs. A two-person chain was created where participant A made and packed the capsules into ZLBs and participant C then carried the bags for four days.

Factors that Facilitate Informal Advance Care Planning Conversations With Family: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Black Adults With Kidney Failure.

Advance care planning in adults with kidney failure has been understudied and limited to written advance directives. Many Black adults prefer informal conversations with family, and yet this form of advance care planning is underexplored in research. In this study, we aimed to identify the multilevel factors that facilitate informal advance care planning with family among Black adults with kidney failure.

Performance Assessment of ELISA Using the Specific Antigen Tc323 for the Diagnosis of Chronic Chagas Disease.

In the chronic phase of Chagas disease (CCD), diagnosis relies on detecting specific IgG antibodies due to the low or absent presence of the parasite in human blood. However, the performance of current serological tests is highly variable, lacking a "" assay with 100% sensitivity and specificity, which challenges the exploration of new biomarkers. In the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of an optimized ELISA using the predicted immunogenic domains (called TcD3 and TcD6) of Tc323, a protein highly conserved among strains but absent in other clinically significant parasites such as .

A low-cost homogenizing device for in-field and remote DNA and RNA extraction.

Environmental monitoring of microorganisms is critical for the protection and enhancement of human and ecosystem health. Even though these molecular methods have overtaken traditional culture-based methods and become more accessible, these techniques still require expensive equipment and dedicated facilities to process samples which in the context of a global pandemic, remote sampling areas or low-income countries can be extremely challenging. Sample preparation and sample homogenisation are critical steps for molecular-based techniques, especially for the extraction of DNA and RNA.

Synaptic interactions between stellate cells and parvalbumin interneurons in layer 2 of the medial entorhinal cortex are organized at the scale of grid cell clusters.

Interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons are critical to computations in cortical circuits but their organization is difficult to assess with standard electrophysiological approaches. Within the medial entorhinal cortex, representation of location by grid and other spatial cells involves circuits in layer 2 in which excitatory stellate cells interact with each other via inhibitory parvalbumin expressing interneurons. Whether this connectivity is structured to support local circuit computations is unclear.

Room Temperature Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Hybrid Layered SnO Mesoflowers and Laser-Induced Graphitic Carbon Devices.

In this work, we demonstrate chemiresistive volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors prepared by drop-cast assembly of layered tin monoxide mesoflowers (SnO-MFs) on additively produced laser-induced graphene-like carbon (LIG). The SnO-MFs were synthesized below 100 °C at ambient pressure and offer a low fabrication energy alternative route to typical furnace-prepared metal-oxide materials. The additive dropcast assembly of room-temperature operating metal oxide active material allows the substitution of LIG for metal current collectors and glass for alumina, reducing the environmental footprint of the sensor.

Use of Cystourethroscopy to Define the Gross Tumour Volume in Radiation Treatment Planning for Canine Genitourinary Carcinomas.

Radiotherapy (RT) is increasingly utilised for definitive-intent treatment of canine genitourinary carcinomas (CGUC). At our institution, the standard approach is to irradiate tomographically abnormal tissues gross tumour volume (GTV) plus a clinical target volume (CTV) expansion of 2 cm. Cystourethroscopy is often incorporated into the treatment planning workflow, though an optimal approach has yet to be defined.

Strain surveillance during chemotherapy to improve cardiovascular outcomes: the SUCCOUR-MRI trial.

Background And Aims: The detection of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) by reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during chemotherapy usually triggers the initiation of cardioprotective therapy. This study addressed whether the same approach should be applied to patients with worsening of global longitudinal strain (GLS) without attaining thresholds of LVEF.

Methods: Strain surveillance during chemotherapy for improving cardiovascular outcomes (SUCCOUR-MRI) was a prospective multicentre randomized controlled trial involving 14 sites.

Draft genome sequences of DSM 14810 (JK 615) and DSM 3071 (D1).

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two -type strains isolated from rumen fluid. The genome sequence of DSM 14810 was 3.3 Mb with 3,093 predicted genes, while the DSM 3071 genome sequence was 4.

Bayesian group testing regression models for spatial data.

Spatial patterns are common in infectious disease epidemiology. Disease mapping is essential to infectious disease surveillance. Under a group testing protocol, biomaterial from multiple individuals is physically combined into a pooled specimen, which is then tested for infection.

Use of artificial intelligence-guided echocardiography to detect cardiac dysfunction and heart valve disease in rural and remote areas: Rationale and design of the AGILE-echo trial.

Background: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is essential in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including but not limited to heart failure (HF) and heart valve disease (HVD). However, its dependence on expert acquisition means that its accessibility in rural areas may be limited, leading to delayed management decisions and potential missed diagnoses. Artificial intelligence-guided (AI)-TTE offers a solution by permitting non-expert image acquisition.

A prospective evaluation of succinct prednisone tapering after brain tumor irradiation in dogs.

Background: To ameliorate anticipated or ongoing neurological deficits, dogs undergoing brain tumor irradiation often are prescribed lengthy courses of prednisone PO during and after radiotherapy (RT). This practice can contribute to unwanted corticosteroid-associated morbidity and may be unnecessary.

Objective: Determine whether long-term corticosteroid dependency can be minimized by use of succinct prednisone tapering.