Osseous Dysplasia with Gross Jaw Expansion: A Review of 18 Lesions.

Fourteen cases with 18 grossly expansive lesions diagnosed over a period of 15 years as either "familial gigantiform cementoma" or "osseous dysplasia with jaw expansion" in an African population sample were reviewed. Eight lesions occurred in the anterior mandible, the maxilla was affected by four, three patients presented with more than one lesion and the most common associated pathologies were tooth displacement, conventional non expanding florid osseous dysplasia and simple bone cyst. No history of similar lesions in relatives of the diseased were recorded.

Expansive jaw lesions in chronic kidney disease: review of the literature and a report of two cases.

Chronic kidney disease is an increasing public health problem, with a worldwide prevalence estimated to be between 8% and 16%. The metabolic alterations induce bone and soft tissue changes, and the encompassing term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder syndrome (CKD-MBD) is used to describe them. The cardinal manifestations of the syndrome are bone catabolism and soft tissue calcifications, which ultimately compromise the cardiovascular and skeletal systems.

Recent developments in metabolic bone diseases: a gnathic perspective.

Metabolic bone diseases often are asymptomatic and progress sub clinically. Many patients present at a late stage with catastrophic skeletal and extra skeletal complications. In this article, we provide an overview of normal bone remodeling and a synopsis of recent developments in the following conditions: osteoporosis, rickets/osteomalacia, endocrine-induced bone disease, chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and Paget's disease of bone.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder: an update on the pathology and cranial manifestations.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a syndrome encompassing skeletal and extra skeletal changes associated with chronic kidney disease. It progresses silently until an advanced clinical stage when complications impact on the quality of life and survival rates of patients. The maxillofacial manifestations are unique and may play an important role in the early identification of changes which could influence the management of these patients.

Sequestrating giant complex odontoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Odontomas are the most common benign tumours of odontogenic origin. Due to their hamartomatous nature, they are usually asymptomatic but can cause impaction of one or more teeth. They consist microscopically of all the tissue types found in a developed tooth.

Responsible use of cone beam computed tomography: minimising medico-legal risks.

This communication highlights some of the ethical and possible legal responsibilities which pertain to the taking, reading, reporting, and communication of findings from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The importance of knowledge of head and neck anatomy and pathology to reduce the likelihood of incorrect interpretation is emphasised. Failure to detect critical findings in any diagnostic image can potentially result in medico-legal consequences.

Metastases to the oral cavity.

Metastatic spread to the oral cavity of a malignant neoplasm is a rare yet important sign of advanced systemic malignant disease. This manuscript briefly describes the metastatic process and highlights the most common neoplasms that metastasise to the oral cavity as well as their clinical and radiological presentations. The role of the patients' history in suspecting metastatic disease and the importance of a microscopic diagnosis is emphasised.

A comparative study of three imaging modalities currently used in the assessment of patients for maxillofacial surgery.

Unlabelled: Diagnostic imaging is pivotal in clinical maxillofacial evaluation. This study evaluated and compared the use of conventional radiographs (CR) with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) in patients requiring maxillofacial surgery. Pre-surgical records of sixty five patients who had undergone routine CR, 2D CT and 3D CT were selected and classified into the categories of traumatic injury, pathology and deformities.

Peripheral odontogenic myxoma: a review of the literature and report of two cases.

Two cases of peripheral odontogenic myxoma with a verifiable location in gingival soft tissue and without bone involvement were compared with those reported in the literature. This study showed that they form a distinct albeit rare clinical entity with a potential to grow into large disfiguring lesions. The probability that small peripheral odontogenic myxomas are interpreted as edematous irritation fibromas may contribute to the small number of peripheral odontogenic myxomas recorded in the literature.

Fibro-osseous disease: harmonizing terminology with biology.

Classification systems and associated terminology are inherently slow in reflecting rapidly unfolding scientific discoveries in the mechanism and presentation of diseases. Misleading concepts, which often have historical value only, may become entrenched in the literature, leading to confusion and inaccurate communication. The purpose of this communication is to stimulate discussion and debate on inappropriate terminology associated with fibro-osseous disease that continues to be perpetuated in the literature.

Gigantiform cementoma in a child.

The objective of this report is to present an unusual case of a gigantiform cementoma manifesting with gross expansion of the maxilla in a 6-year-old black female. No history of similar lesions in the family of the patient was obtained. Radiographic examination revealed a well-circumscribed lobular radio-opaque mass surrounded by a radiolucent margin.

Odontogenic tumours manifesting in the first two decades of life in a rural African population sample: a 26 year retrospective analysis.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relative frequencies and clinico-pathological features of odontogenic tumours affecting the jaw bones of patients in the first two decades of life and of rural and periurban African extract.

Methods: Files of patients younger than 20 years of age diagnosed over a period of 26 years with odontogenic tumours were retrieved and analysed for gender, site, tumour size and radiographic appearance.

Results: 33% of odontogenic tumours diagnosed in the population sample presented during the first 2 decades of life.

Guidelines for the safe use of dental and maxillofacial CBCT: a review with recommendations for South Africa.

The aim of this manuscript is to provide the South African dental profession with guidelines and recommendations on the safe and responsible clinical use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) equipment. Dental practitioners who prescribe and refer patients for CBCT examinations as well as those who operate CBCT systems and interpret the images, share responsibility for the use of CBCT systems. Applicable information pertaining to the current status of the use of CBCT was reviewed, and the Directorate of Radiation Control of the Department of Health, South Africa, was invited to participate in the development of evidence-based guidelines on the safe use of cone beam computed tomography in dentistry.

The application of two- and three-dimensional computed imaging in maxillofacial surgery: a review.

Rapid developments in the field of radiological imaging have resulted in the establishment of sophisticated radiological techniques for the imaging of the maxillofacial region. Many of these techniques are costly and therefore not suitable for routine usage. This manuscript reviews the application of two- and three dimensional imaging in the practice of maxillofacial surgery.

Solitary oral plexiform neurofibroma: review of literature and report of a case.

Plexiform neurofibroma (PN) is a rare, benign tumor of nerve sheath origin, which frequently manifests as part of neurofibromatosis type 1. The article presents a case of solitary PN in a 4-year-old girl, which manifested as a double lip and without systemic or familial involvement. A review of the literature on solitary PN in the oral soft tissue demonstrates the scarcity of such cases.

Expansive osseous dysplasia: report of 9 lesions in an African population sample and a review of the literature.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report on the clinicopathologic features of osseous dysplasias (ODs) that manifest with gross expansion in a black South African hospital population sample.

Study Design: The files of 9 histology-verified expansive ODs in 8 patients were reviewed. The clinical records and radiographs were analyzed and compared with reports in the literature.

Internal morphology of ameloblastomas: a study of 24 resected specimens.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the internal macroscopic architecture of resected specimens of ameloblastoma and to correlate the findings with radiographs and microscopic features.

Study Design: Resection specimens of 24 ameloblastomas were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology at the University of Limpopo. The neoplasms were sectioned in parallel slices and the macroscopic features recorded and each slice was radiographed and sampled for microscopic examination.

South African legislation for radiation control in dentistry: a review.

The objective of this study is to provide South African dentists with a sound knowledge of radiation safety together with accepted policy and some recommendations to protect individuals who may be exposed to ionizing radiation from dental X-ray equipment. The Directorate of Radiation Control of the Department of Health of South Africa was approached to provide information pertaining to radiation control in dentistry. The material was reviewed and applicable information, together with literature on radiation control in other countries, is summarized.

Odontogenic myxoma: review of the literature and report of 30 cases from South Africa.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic features of central odontogenic myxomas (OM) of the jaws diagnosed over 23 years in a black South African patient sample.

Study Design: Records of 30 cases of OMs with radiographs of diagnostic quality were retrieved from 52 cases of histopathologically verified OMs from the archives of the Oral Health Center at the University of Limpopo, South Africa. The age, sex, size, location, and radiographic features were compared with the literature.

Design of an x-ray room for a dental practice.

Radiography is one of the most valuable diagnostic tools used in comprehensive dental care. Although it is generally accepted that there is no safe level of radiation exposure, the possible risk involved with exposure to X-rays must be weighed against the benefits of clinical interpretation. One important step in limiting the risk of radiation exposure at the workplace is the correct design of an X-ray room.

Pathogenesis of bone metastasis: a review.

Background: Metastasic deposits from malignancies frequently lodge in the skeleton, including the jaw bones.

Method: A review of the literature was performed in order to provide a coherent overview on the pathogenesis of bone metastasis.

Results: Bone metastasis follows complex molecular interactions that enable tumor cells to detach from the primary site, invade the extracellular matrix, intra-vasate, extra-vasate, and proliferate within bone.

Impaired tooth eruption: a review.

Eruption is the continuous process of movement of a tooth from its developmental location inside the jaw to its functional location in the mouth. Impaired tooth eruption, where this process is disturbed, is common in dental practice. It may manifest either as delayed or complete absence of eruption.

Digital radiography: update for oral health care workers.

Digital Radiography is an imaging system that does away with the use of films. It constitutes an advance in computer technology and has made a significant impact on the field of Maxillofacial- and Dental Radiology. This paper presents an overview of the basic concepts and applications of dental digital radiography and compares it with conventional film-based imaging.