Post-operative dysphagia following ventral cervical approach: complication or side-effect? Retrospective analysis and review of the literature.

Objective: To ameliorate the clinical decision-making process when debating between a ventral or dorsal cervical approach by elucidating whether post-operative dysphagia be regarded as a complication or a transient side effect.

Methods: A literature review of studies comparing complication rates following ventral and dorsal cervical approaches was performed. A stratified complication rate excluding dysphagia was calculated and discussed.

BCKDK regulates the TCA cycle through PDC in the absence of PDK family during embryonic development.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1-4) inhibit the TCA cycle by phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Here, we show that PDK family is dispensable for murine embryonic development and that BCKDK serves as a compensatory mechanism by inactivating PDC. First, we knocked out all four Pdk genes one by one.