Longitudinal Validation of a Specific Measure of Fear Avoidance in Athletes: Predicting Time from Injury to Return to Sports Competition.

Purpose: We developed the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) to measure fear avoidance in athletes. Previous fear avoidance scales were developed for the general population and have demonstrated significant predictive capabilities regarding rehabilitation. No research to date has examined the association between athlete fear avoidance as measured by the AFAQ and the rehabilitation time in athletes.

Combined effects of the contraceptive hormones, ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, on the use of place and response memory in gonadally-intact female rats.

During maze navigation rats can rely on hippocampus-mediated place memory or striatum-mediated response memory. Ovarian hormones bias whether females use place or response memory to reach a reward. Here, we investigated the impact of the contraceptive hormones, ethinyl estradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG), on memory bias.

The priming effect of food persists following blockade of dopamine receptors.

The priming effect of rewards is a boost in the vigor of reward seeking resulting from the previous receipt of a reward. Extensive work has been carried out on the priming effect of electrical brain stimulation, but much less research exists on the priming effect of natural rewards, such as food. While both reinforcement and motivation are linked with dopamine transmission in the brain, the priming effect of rewards does not appear to be dopamine-dependent.