Integrative bioinformatic analysis of prognostic biomarkers in heart failure: Insights from clinical trials.

Background: Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to identify robust biomarkers to improve early diagnosis, stratify disease severity and predict outcomes. Biomarkers such as galectin-3 (Gal-3), TIMP-1, BNP, NT-proBNP, CysC, CA125, ST2 and MMP9 have shown the potential to reflect the pathophysiology of HF.