Industry 4.0 design project based on exposure situations: A case study in aeronautics.

Background: Industry 4.0 generates risks renewing stakes for design projects integrating work activities, as can be done in activity centred ergonomics and participatory ergonomics.

Objective: This article aims to show the contribution of using typical situations to define requirements for Industry 4.

RARgamma and TRbeta expressions are decreased in PBMC and SWAT of obese subjects in weight gain.

In order to evaluate the expression of nuclear receptors at the peripheral level in obese subjects, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of different isoforms of retinoic acid receptor (RAR), triiodothyronine (TR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were determined and compared in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SWAT). Twelve lean subjects and 68 obese subjects divided into weight gain (WG), weight-stable (WS), and weight loss (WL) groups were studied. Nuclear receptor mRNA levels were assessed in PBMC and SWAT using a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method.

Role of adipogenic and thermogenic genes in susceptibility or resistance to develop diet-induced obesity in rats.

The aim of the present work was to assess whether changes in adipose tissue gene expression related with adipogenesis and/or thermogenesis could be involved in the mechanism conferring susceptibility or resistance to develop obesity in high-fat fed outbreed rats. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were fed with standard laboratory diet (control group) or high fat diet. After 15 days, two groups of rats with significant differences on body weight gain in response to the high fat diet were characterized and identified as diet-induced obesity (DIO) and diet resistant (DR) rats.

Synergic effect of vitamin A and high-fat diet in adipose tissue development and nuclear receptor expression in young rats.

In order to study the effects of dietary lipids and vitamin A on the development of adipose tissues, young rats were submitted for 8 d to a control or to two cafeteria diets with normal (Caf) or higher (Caf + ) vitamin A levels. Retinoid (retinoic acid receptor (RAR) a, RARg, retinoid X receptor(RXR) alpha) and fatty acid (PPARgamma) receptor mRNA was measured in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (Swat) and in isolated mature adipocytes by RT-PCR. The stroma vascular fraction was cultured in vitro to test the capacities of the adipocyte precursors to proliferate and differentiate.

Effect of vitamin A content in cafeteria diet on the expression of nuclear receptors in rat subcutaneous adipose tissue.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cafeteria diet containing control or elevated level of vitamin A on the expression of nuclear receptors in adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats were submitted to 3 experimental diets during 8 weeks, a standard diet and two hyper-energetic, hyperlipidic "cafeteria" diets containing normal (Caf) or higher (Caf+) vitamin A level. During the experiment, body weights and energy intakes were measured.

Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and retinoic acid receptor alpha gene expression in obese human adipose tissue.

Objective: To investigate in human adipose tissue a possible relationship between per oxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) gene expression, two genes involved in the control of adipocyte differentiation.

Subjects: Ten lean control women (age 31-60 y, body mass index (BMI) 18-24.7 kg/m(2)) and an obese group of 15 women (age 27-62 y, BMI 30-57.

Exposure to an obesity-inducing diet early affects the pattern of expression of peroxisome proliferator, retinoic acid, and triiodothyronine nuclear receptors in the rat.

Since evidence has appeared that alpha and gamma isoforms of the peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) are involved in the regulation of triglyceride homeostasis and in the control of the differentiation of adipocytes that is required for the development of obesity, a large number of studies have investigated the physiologic role of nuclear receptors in the control of energy balance. The aim of this study was to determine the early effects of an obesity-inducing diet on the expression of PPAR alpha and gamma and other nuclear receptors such as all-trans retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and triiodothyronine receptor (TR), which all form functional heterodimers with a common partner, the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR). The experiment used a cafeteria diet where 60% of the energy was supplied as lipids.

Effect of a pharmacological activation of PPAR on the expression of RAR and TR in rat liver.

It has recently been shown that high-fat diets induce the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) with a concomitant decrease in expression of retinoic acid (RAR) and triiodothyronine (TR) receptors in rat liver. The authors have suggested that PPAR activation may be responsible for these modifications in nuclear receptor expression. With the aim of gaining further insight into a possible relationship between the patterns of expression of these receptors, we have examined, using a pharmacological model, the effect of a strong and specific PPAR activation induced by bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator agent.

Effect of a pharmacological activation of PPAR on the expression of RAR and TR in rat liver.

It has recently been shown that high-fat diets induce the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) with a concomitant decrease in expression of retinoic acid (RAR) and triiodothyronine (TR) receptors in rat liver. The authors have suggested that PPAR activation may be responsible for these modifications in nuclear receptor expression. With the aim of gaining further insight into a possible relationship between the patterns of expression of these receptors, we have examined, using a pharmacological model, the effect of a strong and specific PPAR activation induced by bezafibrate, a peroxisome proliferator agent.

Effects of the whole seed and a protein isolate of faba bean (Vicia faba) on the cholesterol metabolism of hypercholesterolaemic rats.

The aim of the present work was to analyse the hypocholesterolaemic efficiency of a Vicia faba-protein isolate in relation to the intact legume. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the effects of this isolate were investigated. Hypercholesterolaemic rats were divided into three groups and fed high-fat diets rich in cholesterol-containing casein, whole seeds of Vicia faba or the protein isolate of faba beans as protein source, for 2 weeks ad libitum.

High-fat diets affect the expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptor in rat liver.

The purpose of this study was to differentiate between the effects of the amount and the type of dietary lipids on the expression of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), but also the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the receptor of the 9-cis retinoic acid (retinoid X receptor (RXR)) in rat liver. Six groups of eight rats (5-weeks old) were fed during 4 weeks on the following diets: control 50 g vegetable oil/kg, high-fat diet 250 g vegetable oil/kg. These oils were either coconut oil (rich in saturated fatty acids) or olive oil (rich in monounsaturated fatty acids) or safflower oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly as n-6).

Lipid and glucose utilization in hypercholesterolemic rats fed a diet containing heated chickpea (Cicer aretinum L.): a potential functional food.

This feeding trial evaluated the influence of a diet containing heated chickpea in a dietary induced rat model of hypercholesterolemia in order to assess some possible protective and therapeutic effects on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders as found with other legumes. Rats fed a diet enriched with coconut oil (25%) and cholesterol (1%) for 42 days (HH) showed a situation of type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. However, these lipid alterations were improved in the hypercholesterolemic rats receiving control (HC) and legume (HL) diets for 16 days.

Inclusion of a legume in a saturated fat-rich diet affects the cholesterol status but not the expression of triiodothyronine and retinoic acid receptors in rat liver.

In a previous study, we showed that a high-fat diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, induced hypercholesterolemia and, in rat liver, a decreased expression of TR and RAR, nuclear receptors which are transcription factors for genes involved in cell growth, differentiation and cellular homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypercholesterolemia plays a role in the onset of this decreased expression. Rats were fed a high-fat diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, for 3 weeks and then received in addition Vicia faba for 2 weeks.

Expression of retinoic acid, triiodothyronine, and glucocorticoid hormone nuclear receptors is decreased in the liver of rats fed a hypercholesterolemia-inducing diet.

Several studies have shown that dietary factors modulate cell signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to determine whether a hypercholesterolemia-inducing diet rich in saturated fat and cholesterol modifies rat liver expression of the nuclear receptors of retinoic acid (RAR), triiodothyronine (TR), and glucocorticoid hormone (GR), which are transcriptional factors. The experimental diet contained coconut oil 25 g/100 g as a source of lipids, cholesterol 1 g/100 g, and cholic acid 0.

Aging decreases retinoic acid and triiodothyronine nuclear expression in rat liver: exogenous retinol and retinoic acid differentially modulate this decreased expression.

The expression of nuclear receptors of retinoic acid (RAR) and triiodothyronine (TR) was analyzed in the liver of rats aged 2.5 (young), 6 (adult) and 24 (aged) months. In aged rats, decreased binding properties, binding capacity (Cmax) and affinity (Ka), of nuclear receptors were observed.